Establishment and study of signs characterizing the state of building structures of buildings and structures to determine possible deviations and prevent violations of the normal mode of their operation. Source: SP 13 102 2003: Rules ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
- (with this, see the previous word). Generally defining the distinguishing features of objects; in particular, a part of medicine, which has as a subject the definition of the genus and signs of diseases. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Testing, checking, testing, recognizing, testing, testing Dictionary of Russian synonyms. diagnostics noun, number of synonyms: 42 autodiagnostics (1) ... Synonym dictionary
diagnostics- Procedures and systems for detecting and isolating errors and malfunctioning devices, networks and systems. diagnostics (ITIL Service Operation) A stage in the life cycle of an incident or problem. ... ... Technical translator's guide
Diagnostics- - the establishment and study of signs characterizing the state of building structures of buildings and structures to determine possible deviations and prevent violations of the normal mode of their operation. [SP 13 102 2003] Diagnostics ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials
The science of disease recognition and diagnosis. Dictionary of business terms. Academic.ru. 2001 ... Business glossary
- (from the Greek diagnostikos capable of recognizing) the doctrine of the methods and principles of recognizing diseases and making a diagnosis; diagnosis process ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
DIAGNOSTICS, diagnostics, women. (honey.). The branch of medicine, the doctrine of the methods of diagnosis. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
DIAGNOSTICS, and, wives. 1. see diagnose. 2. Teaching about the methods of diagnosis. 3. Establishing a diagnosis. Laboratory D. Early D. disease. | adj. diagnostic, oh, oh. D. analysis. Diagnostic service. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Female, Greek recognition, recognition; determination of signs and mutual reflections of works of nature; knowledge will take: recognition of diseases, by seizures and phenomena. Diagnostic, related to diagnosis, recognition. Diagnostic husband. ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Books
- Diagnostics and healing of soul and body, V. V. Pukhov. This book is for those who strive for the physical and spiritual improvement of their personality, realizing that only a healthy and spiritually advanced person can intelligently work for the common good for ...
- Diagnostics of the soul Shamanic gift Compass of healing Soul on fire set of 4 books,. Diagnostics of the soul in the horoscope. From Self-Knowledge to Healing Book 1. The main difficulty of self-knowledge lies in the fact that we inevitably have to discover in ourselves not only the beautiful sides ...
Diagnostics is a way of cognition, study and establishment of various relationships, states, qualities and properties of research objects. An analysis of the general and pedagogical literature shows that diagnostics are widely used in various fields of human activity. The most famous today are such varieties as "medical diagnostics", "psychodiagnostics", "control diagnostics", "technical diagnostics", etc.
Diagnostics- a special kind of cognition, located between the scientific knowledge of the essence and the identification of a single phenomenon. The result of such knowledge is a diagnosis (column dagnoss- recognition, definition). Diagnosis- a conclusion about the belonging of an entity, expressed in a single, to a certain class established by science. This concept is widely represented in modern pedagogical science. However, in pedagogy, diagnostics has changed its content. So, if, for example, psychodiagnostics seeks to evaluate the personality and its individual aspects as relatively stable formations, then pedagogical diagnostics is aimed, first of all, at the results of the formation of the student's personality, the search for optimal ways to achieve these results and the characteristics of the integral pedagogical process.
Most of the research educators under pedagogicaldiagnostics understands a complex and specific type of pedagogical activity, a dynamic system of interaction between educators and students, the content of which is the purposeful study and transformation of the pupil. The most important element of a teacher's diagnostic activity is pedagogical diagnosis.
Pedagogical diagnosis- a conclusion about those manifestations and qualities of the individual, the team, which can be directed to pedagogical influence, or which can be studied for educational purposes, as well as the pedagogically significant factors that influence the pupils. It should contain:
a) a description of the actions, states, relations of the object of education in pedagogical and psychological terms;
b) their explanation on the basis of pedagogical and psychological theory;
c) forecasting the development of events in this situation and in the future;
d) a reasoned pedagogical assessment of the existing and predicted facts;
e) conclusion on the pedagogical feasibility of the decision.
In order to understand the essence and features of pedagogical diagnostics, it is appropriate to make a comparison between the work of a doctor and a teacher. The first begins the treatment of his patient by clarifying the origin of painful symptoms, establishes their causes, predicts the course of the disease and its possible consequences for the patient, and, taking into account the medical opinion (diagnosis), prescribes treatment and appropriate medications. An experienced and skillful teacher also at the beginning of his work with a pupil carefully and thoroughly studies the socio-pedagogical conditions of his previous formation and development, establishes the causes and factors of negative formations, their nature. Then he predicts possible alternatives in the development of the pupil and their consequences for him, taking into account the designed program of psychological and pedagogical correction of his difficulty (distress).
An important indicator of the teacher's professional skill is the teacher's ability and ability to dialectically link the goals of re-education, different in distance and pedagogical expediency, with the potential capabilities of the pupil. For many researchers, the concept of "diagnostics" means only the fixation of some indicators of training, good breeding, or manifestations of personality traits of a pupil in various situations of his life. This approach limits the functional and potential possibilities of diagnostics in providing such a direction as preventive pedagogical activity of educators, objective, reliable and valid diagnostic information about the real development of children with signs of deviations in their behavior, real possibilities for their reorientation and correction. Knowledge and consideration of these features of diagnostic activity allows, in a general sense, to understand the content of pedagogical diagnostics. On the one hand, diagnostics is carried out in order to study the external circumstances of the pupils' life, i.e. conditions and nature of education and training, family, social circle and other known factors of the formation and development of personality. On the other hand, for diagnostics, it becomes fundamentally important to study the inner world of the pupil: the ratio of personal qualities, its orientation
Pedagogical diagnostics is designed, firstly, to optimize the process of individual learning, secondly, in the interests of society to ensure the correct definition of learning outcomes and, thirdly, guided by the developed criteria, to minimize errors when transferring students from one study group to another, with sending them to various courses and choosing a specialization of training. To achieve these goals in the course of diagnostic procedures, on the one hand, the prerequisites for learning are established for individual individuals and for representatives of the study group as a whole, and on the other hand, the conditions necessary for organizing a systematic process of learning and cognition are determined. With the help of pedagogical diagnostics, the educational process is analyzed, and the results of education training are determined.
Diagnostic activity- the process during which (with or without the use of diagnostic tools), observing the necessary scientific quality criteria, the teacher observes the students and conducts a questionnaire, processes the data of observations and surveys and reports the results obtained in order to describe the behavior, explain its motives or predict future behavior.
Pedagogical diagnostics refers to the entire sphere of pedagogical activity, although it often comes to the fore precisely in public education due to the huge role that is assigned to its institutions in the life of society. Diagnostic activity is also carried out when it is not about improving the educational process for individual individuals or persons studying together, and not about getting the help necessary for making an individual decision, but about acquiring more general knowledge, for example, in the question of how much specific didactic methods, means, etc. are applicable. when teaching students with certain characteristics. In this case, pedagogical diagnostics serves didactic or scientific-pedagogical research, during which, even with the empirical nature of the research, diagnostic methods are almost always used. At the same time, this does not lead to blurring the line between scientific research and pedagogical diagnostics.
The essence and functions of pedagogical diagnostics
In any branch of professional activity, a special role belongs to the diagnostics of the condition and quality of manufactured products and the production process. The professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher, the teaching staff of the school is no exception. However, as K.D. Ushinsky, pedagogical diagnostics has not yet become an organic part of the teacher's professional activity, and it is perceived by teachers not at the level of serious attitude at which psychodiagnostics by psychologists, medical diagnostics by doctors and technical diagnostics by engineers are. It is usually considered that the study of the student, the educated is a function of psychology, not pedagogy. Each teacher checks the effectiveness of teaching and upbringing, finds out the reasons for poor academic performance, but these analytical actions are not correlated with diagnostics. The head of the school attends lessons, analyzes them, assesses - this is called intra-school control, but not in any way diagnostics of the state of the educational process. Criteria for the quality of school activity are also usually not associated with diagnostics of the state of a certain link in the education system and are developed outside of its principles and procedures.
Pedagogical diagnostics in a not quite clearly expressed form is present in any pedagogical process, starting with the interaction of a teacher and a student in the lesson and ending with the management of the public education system as a whole. It manifests itself in the form of control works, and in any characteristic, both of a student and a teacher, without it experimental research cannot be consistent, not a single inspection check can do. Many of the listed pedagogical phenomena are not identical to pedagogical diagnostics, they are richer than it and have the right to independence. The time has come to reveal what in them and in many other pedagogical objects refers to the concept of "pedagogical diagnostics".
In the concept of "pedagogical diagnostics", the adjective "pedagogical" characterizes the following features of this diagnostics: firstly, diagnostics is carried out for pedagogical purposes, i.e. it is focused on obtaining new information on how to improve the quality of education (training, upbringing) and the development of the student's personality on the basis of the analysis and interpretation of the results; secondly, and this is the main thing, it provides fundamentally new meaningful information about the quality of the pedagogical work of the teacher himself; thirdly, it is carried out using methods that organically fit into the logic of the teacher's pedagogical activity; fourthly, with the help of pedagogical diagnostics, the control and evaluation functions of the teacher's activity are enhanced; fifth, even some traditionally used means and methods of teaching and upbringing can be transformed into means and methods of pedagogical diagnostics.
Pedagogical diagnostics at school- the practice of identifying the quality of teaching and educational activities, the reasons for its successes or failures, as well as improving this practice.
In modern conditions of a gradual transition to diversity in teaching and upbringing, to the democratization of educational interactions, accurate, comparable information about the strengths and weaknesses of the phenomena and processes taking place in school is becoming increasingly important. Such information can be provided by pedagogical diagnostics, because its purpose at school is expressed in the following main functions: feedback, evaluative, managerial.
In pedagogical diagnostics, the main leading function is the function feedback in the process of training and education. The essence of this function lies in the fact that diagnostic data on the levels of upbringing and education of students at a certain stage of their development serve as the main information for the analysis of past pedagogical experience and the design of further pedagogical process. The current system for assessing the teaching and educational work of the school has some advantages, but does not correspond to such an understanding as a self-governing system. For example, the activities of the participants in the learning process in pedagogical theory are considered with the greatest completeness, in practice, many modern schoolchildren do not study in full force, therefore, the potential of the educational process is not used. The main reason for this is the inadequacy of information on learning and upbringing outcomes available to teachers and students.
The creation of opportunities for each student and teacher to receive the necessary information about the course and results of the educational process for its timely correction is the most important task of pedagogical diagnostics.
The essence of pedagogical diagnostics is the study of the effectiveness of the educational process at school on the basis of changes in the level of education of students and the growth of pedagogical skills of teachers.
Pedagogical diagnostics is designed to answer the following questions: what and why to study in the spiritual world of educators and pupils, according to what indicators to do it, what methods to use, where and how to use the results of information on the quality of pedagogical activity. Under what conditions diagnostics is organically included in a holistic educational process, how to teach teachers self-control, and students - self-knowledge.
The essence of pedagogical diagnostics determines its subject: who should be brought up in accordance with the goals and objectives of education (the object of education, the criteria for education), under what conditions (educational situation), who should do what and what (defining the functions of society, family, school, classroom). collective, the child himself), by what means, ways, methods to influence the educators and pupils (the activities of the subjects of education).
Diagnostics is based on a materialistic understanding of human relationships with the environment. The personality, consciously or unconsciously, adapts to the social environment, to living conditions and educational requirements. This process is called adaptation. But there is a conscious change in oneself and circumstances. The higher the level of social development, the closer the individual's connection with society, the more active his impact on history, on social progress.
Pedagogical diagnostics is carried out in the process of education and upbringing. In most cases, educators think they know their students, that no special study is required. But when this knowledge is subjected to deep analysis, it turns out that it is superficial and inadequate. Teachers and educators often judge their pupils by their previous impressions, by those situations that have arisen before. Sometimes some schoolchildren are unfairly classified as difficult, and a really reformed difficult teenager feels a wary attitude towards himself from his teachers for a long time.
If we turn to the etymology of this word, then the diagnosis from the Greek. diagnostikos - able to recognize - is an evaluative procedure aimed at clarifying the situation, revealing the true level of education. In our case, it is the study of the process and results of training and education. As a result, through diagnostics, I can establish how the pedagogical tasks are implemented, which of them require further solution. Experience has shown that diagnostics has a direct relationship with the stages of managing the development of the team and the individual. In accordance with this, there are 3 types of diagnostics in the work of the class teacher: 1) introductory; 2) corrective (intermediate); 3) generalizing (final)
Target introductory: identification of the initial level, the state of children for drawing up a program for the development of children, a work plan.
Target intermediate: assessment of the effectiveness of pedagogical (educational) influences, timely correction of development programs, drawing up a further work plan.
Target the final: identification of the achieved level of development of abilities, urgent necessary correction for children of graduating groups, a comprehensive assessment of pedagogical activity.
Principles of pedagogical diagnostics:.
Purposefulness - diagnostic actions are carried out relatively not to the student in general, but to the manifestation of specific personal characteristics, for example, indicators of good breeding, etc. 2. Planning - before the start of diagnostics, it is necessary to outline certain tasks (what to diagnose), think over a plan (timing and means). Indicators (what to fix), possible miscalculations (errors) and ways to prevent them, expected results. 3. Self-reliance - diagnostics should be an independent, not a passing task. For example, not the best way to find out the qualities of students would be going to the forest on an excursion, because the information obtained in this way will be random, since the main efforts of attention will be directed to solving organizational problems. Naturalness - the diagnosis should be carried out in a natural environment for the student. 5. Systematic - the diagnosis should not be carried out on a case by case basis, but systematically, in accordance with the plan. 6. Objectivity - the teacher should record not what he “wants to see” in support of his assumption, but objective facts. 7. Fixation - data should be recorded during the observation or immediately after it.
Summarizing the above, we draw conclusions:
in pedagogical diagnostics, first of all, a study is required, carried out in several stages: the collection of data on the basis of which conclusions are drawn, a comparison of the observed behavior with the previous behavior of the same person, with the behavior of other persons, with a description of the standard behavior of the same person, with the behavior other persons, with a description of standard behavior, interpretation, in order, after processing the available information, to assess this or that behavior and analyze in order to determine the reasons for the deviation in behavior;
equally important is forecasting, which allows you to anticipate behavior in other situations or in the future;
finally, it is required to communicate to others (most often students and their parents) the assessment of their behavior, because with the help of feedback it is necessary to influence their behavior in the future;
it is necessary to monitor the impact of these messages on students in order to know if the desired result has been achieved.
That is, in the diagnostic activity of a teacher, as an educator, the following aspects of diagnosis can be distinguished:
1. Study
a) Data collection, b) Comparison, c) Interpretation, d) Analysis.
2. Forecasting
3. Bringing to the attention of students the results of diagnostic activities.
4. Planning for further educational work.
Diagnostics is of great importance for the purposeful and effective implementation of the upbringing and educational process. It allows, through control (monitoring) and correction of the entire system of education and training and its constituent components, to improve the process of upbringing, training and development of children.
Pedagogical diagnostics provides a scientific approach to the organization of work with personnel, their professional development. Carrying out diagnostics of pedagogical activity, communication, styles of pedagogical interaction, etc., and especially self-diagnostics, is aimed at mastering the skills of introspection, self-assessment and self-control by each educator. This makes it possible to work with pedagogical staff in the mode of active self-regulation and self-correction.
Diagnostic rules:
1. Establishing contact between the teacher and the child. A trusting atmosphere, friendly attitude, attention, genuine interest. 2. The survey is carried out within 15-30 minutes (depending on the age of the children and the objectives of the study). 3. The subjects should be placed in the same conditions. 4. The child should be accepted as he is. Do not evaluate him, do not comment on his answers, do not express bewilderment, joy or censure. 5. The results of the survey must be recorded. 6. Diagnostics ends with a thorough analysis of the survey results, which will help to build an effective program of the educational process. In the existing numerous methods for diagnosing the quality of teaching and upbringing of schoolchildren, the criteria of the pedagogical activity itself are often taken: its content, focus, quality of performance, the effectiveness of influence regardless of the child. It is unproductive: to study the child and the very process of his upbringing according to different indicators and different methods. The upbringing of a student is the main indicator of the effectiveness of pedagogical activity. This attitude is the starting point in the theory of modern pedagogical diagnostics. In the field of upbringing, such a method is still only outlined. 8. Finally, the diagnosis should be carried out by people who are prepared for this. Otherwise, it is inevitable that unnecessary nervousness is introduced into the very process of studying the work of the school, the desire to conceal problems, shortcomings or exaggerate their significance.
The value of using diagnostics in the process of self-improvement of the personality and activities of the teacher is that it helps to identify shortcomings and outline specific ways to eliminate them, and it also identifies the strengths of the teacher, which he can rely on in future work. Diagnostics brings concreteness to the activities of each teacher, aims him at solving practical problems focused on optimizing the educational process
What methods do I use in initial diagnostics when planning educational work in the classroom?
1.General methods of studying the team and personality |
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Information-ascertaining | |||||||||||
Interview | Questionnaire-comment | Competent judge | Expert assessments | Independent crossover characteristics |
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Ranging | Assessment Self-assessment |
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2. Productive methods of studying personality |
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Studying the creativity of students | Personality tests, situation tests |
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3. Effective-behavioral methods of studying personality |
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Observation direct, indirect, included and more | Discussion | Sociometric methods | Interaction analysis | Situations are natural, artificial | Establishing the reference of a person in a team |
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Polling method... It is widely represented in the pedagogical literature, with its help the value orientations of students, knowledge, attitudes, attitudes, attitudes towards peers, the world around them and oneself are revealed. VAs an example, I suggest some questions that diagnose the value orientation of students: 1) What do you like in school, what do you dislike? 2) Who encourages you to study better (mother, father, grandmother, I want to study myself) 3) What time of the day is more pleasant for you (morning, afternoon, evening)? 4) What subjects you don't want to study Also I am using observation method. This is the most affordable way to learn about students. Observation consists in collecting, describing facts, cases, and behavioral features of students. The technique requires the definition of the purpose and object of observation (which qualities and features to study), as well as the duration and methods of fixing the results. Observation enables me to see the student in a natural setting.
Conversation method - a more flexible way of learning about students than a survey. Conversation can be standardized and free. In the first case, I ask the pre-formulated questions in a certain sequence to make it easier to process. Free conversation allows you to vary the questions in order to obtain more precise, detailed information, but requires a certain skill. Psychologists recommend asking open-ended questions that stimulate free, detailed answers. For example: how does your evening usually go (not "Do you like to watch TV?")
I believe that one should not confuse a diagnostic conversation with an educational one. You should avoid rude teachings, you need to be attentive, respectful of the student, and the student should feel that they are sincerely interested in and want to help. I write down the results of the conversation in short form.
Questionnaire method and other survey methods give different information about personal qualities, values, attitudes, motives of students' activities. According to the form of the questionnaire, there are open (a student formulates a free answer) and closed (you need to choose the appropriate option among the proposed answers). The survey allows you to quickly collect a lot of easily processed information. Possible shortcomings of the questionnaire - the answers may not always be complete, accurate, sincere. Here is an example of a “Communication” questionnaire. Students are asked to mark non-answers that reflect their communication.
1. Do you have communication difficulties?
a) with peers b) with teachers c) with parents
d) with other family members e) with friends in the yard f) for a free answer
2. If so, what are they?
a) few or no friends; b) offend, tease; c) steal things
d) beat e) do not understand my inner world
f) no common interests g) force to do something
h) they keep them in awe and) I am not interested in them
j) require only good grades l) do not see my good qualities m)?
3. Who do you turn to for help in difficult times?
a) to a classmate b) to a friend outside the class c) to mom
d) to the father e) to another relative f) to the teacher g)?
The method of collision of views, positions- allows you to contact students, with a request to express their opinion, to give advice on how to relate to a certain phenomenon, behavior, problem.
For example, "What to do?"
1. School situations are described:
a) The test is in progress “You did the job correctly. Your friend does not know the solution and asks to let him write off. What will you do? "
b) you got a “2” in literature and you know that your parents will punish you for this. Will you inform your parents about this mark? Etc.
2. Possible options are discussed. And then the correctness of the answers is established.
Treatment: according to the results of solving problems, each student can be attributed to one of four groups:
Group 1 - with an unstable attitude (the foundations of behavior chosen by children contradict moral norms)
Group 2 - insufficiently stable attitude (schoolchildren are ready to turn away from their opinion at the slightest pressure)
Group 3 - actively defend their opinion (in exceptional cases, they tend to compromise)
Group 4 - an active, stable attitude to moral norms (students make the right choice)
Incomplete sentence technique, story, drawing or adding a picture, acting out a situation.
Techniques, tests:
Questionnaires
Intelligence tests, achievements
As an example, I will cite unfinished sentences from the test (J. Nyutten - A.B. Orlov) for students in grades 5, the purpose of which is to reveal how students perceive school, teachers, and themselves in new conditions. The obtained data can be processed and summarized in a table, highlighting the characteristic and single answers. Use the material to correct your own work, to make changes in the educational process. I used this material for the release of a wall newspaper on the topic "Why do we need to study?"
Sociometric selection methoda- a method that allows to express quantitatively, graphically, the structure of interpersonal relations in a team.
A sociogram is a graphic representation of the respondents' attitudes towards each other. Using this method, I solved 2 problems:
1) identified leaders and isolated children;
2) revealed mutual sympathy and team cohesion
3. Organization of diagnostics.
So, I believe that the diagnostic procedures in the school should be carried out systematically. The class teacher can do this independently, in cooperation with a psychologist. It is recommended to make both general pedagogical diagnostics of the class, and aimed at particular aspects of the development of students.
In this way, diagnostic content trainees can be summarized as follows:
¯ demographic data about the student and his family;
¯ data on the health and physical development of the child;
¯ cognitive abilities (features of attention, memory, imagination, thinking);
¯ emotional-volitional and need-motivational sphere;
¯ orientation of the personality (interests, relationships, values, self-concept);
¯ behavior, actions of students;
¯ study of the class as a whole, as a group, a collective: interpersonal relations in the class, cohesion, public opinion, unity of values, and more.
Identity cardIdentity card
1. The state of health and development of the student (filled in by the school doctor or according to his words).
1.1. The student's overall health assessment (based on medical records).
1.2. Signs of increased nervousness (increased fatigue, decreased performance, depressed mood, increased excitability, outbursts of anger, aggressiveness towards teachers, refusal of contacts, common affairs, a tendency to destructive actions, sadism, and other signs).
1.3. Pathological drives:
Smokes (does not smoke, smokes occasionally, systematically);
Drinks alcohol (does not drink, occasionally, systematically);
Uses drugs (does not use, once, sporadically, systematically).
1.4. Consists of a dispensary, about which ________________.
2. The psychological atmosphere in the family.
2.1. Information about parents (father, mother, persons replacing them):
education ______________________________________;
profession, place of work ___________________________.
2.2. Other family members ________________________________.
2.3. Family type:
Prosperous (parents are morally stable, have a culture of upbringing, the emotional atmosphere in the family is positive);
Dysfunctional, including pedagogically incompetent (parents do not know the culture of upbringing: there is no unity of requirements, the child is neglected, he is mistreated, systematically punished, poorly informed about his interests, behavior outside of school);
Morally dysfunctional (parents lead an immoral lifestyle, get drunk, parasitize, have a criminal record, do not raise children);
Conflict (there is a dysfunctional emotional atmosphere in the family, constant conflicts between parents, parents are irritable, cruel, intolerant).
2.4. The nature of the relationship between parents and children:
Family diktat (suppression of initiative and self-esteem);
Excessive custody (satisfaction of all needs, protection from difficulties);
Connivance (avoidance of active participation in the upbringing of the child, passivity, recognition of the child's full autonomy);
Cooperation (mutual respect, joint experience of joys, grief, etc.).
2.5. Organization of work and rest regime:
What responsibilities does _______________ perform in the family;
Does the regime of the day comply with ___________________;
Who and to what extent helps and monitors homework ___;
How the student's family communication is organized during leisure time, parental leave _____.
3. Features of educational activities.
3.1. Student performance ___________________________.
3.2. Attitude towards learning: positive, neutral, indifferent, negative.
3.3. The intellectual capabilities of the student: high, medium, low.
3.4. Motives for learning: cognitive interest in subjects, awareness of the need to learn, the desire to get an assessment, earn the approval of adults, the desire to avoid punishment, the desire for self-affirmation in a peer group.
4. Position in the classroom, attitude to the team.
4.1. The student's position in the team: leader (star), preferred, accepted, rejected (isolated).
4.2. Who is most intimate from the class; the nature of the mutual influence.
4.3. Relationships with other classmates: business, even, friendly, warm, conflict, does not communicate with anyone.
4.4. Manner, style of communication with others:
Dominant style (self-confident, seeks to impose his opinion, easily interrupts, but does not allow himself to be interrupted, does not easily admit that he is wrong);
Non-dominant style (shy, compliant, easily admits to being wrong, needs encouragement when talking);
Extrovert (constantly aimed at communication, easily gets in touch);
Introvert (not inclined to contacts, closed, prefers activity to communication).
The term "diagnostics" comes from the Greek word "diagnostikos", which means "able to recognize." The concept of diagnostics is widely used in various fields of human knowledge. For example, in medicine, technology, psychology. What diagnostics is from the point of view of these sciences and what it is needed for will be discussed further.
What is diagnostics for?
The general meaning of diagnostics as a concept is the same in all sciences and performs a number of the following functions:
- a comprehensive study of the subject (for example, the work of the human body, technical mechanisms, devices, systems, psychological processes, etc.);
- identification of deviations, defects (for example, in human activity, machine operation, etc.);
- prediction of possible deviations (for example, in the development of the organism, the human psyche, in the mode of operation of mechanisms);
- development and improvement of various methods and means of detecting defects.
A number of the above concepts are what diagnostics in general are needed for. Each separate science has its own functions and diagnostic methods.
What is medical diagnostics
Medical diagnostics is the science of how to identify diseases in order to establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe the right treatment. Modern medical diagnostics is based on a variety of methods, the most reliable of which are:
- Laboratory blood tests. Using them, the doctor can learn about the existence of certain diseases and inflammatory processes in the human body, get data on the amount of certain substances in the blood.
- Cardiography. This diagnostic method is a one-time or daily monitoring of the heart.
- Gastroscopy. This method helps to identify various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: stomach ulcers, intestinal pathology and others.
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) helps detect many diseases at the earliest stages of their development.
- Ultrasound of organs can assess the correctness of the development of the fetus during pregnancy, as well as determine the state of various internal organs.
- X-rays help doctors identify various injuries or surgical pathologies.
- Endoscopy allows you to avoid traumatic surgery when collecting the necessary materials for analyzes from internal organs.
You can read more about what kind of diagnostics can be from the point of view of medicine in the section on our website.
What is technical diagnostics
Technical diagnostics are the main part of maintenance. Its main task is to ensure the efficient and safe operation of any technical facility. A more complete picture of what technical diagnostics is can be obtained by examining its main functions, which include:
- technical condition assessment;
- identification of the location of various faults;
- residual resource forecasting;
- observation and registration of the technical condition of the object.
Carrying out technical diagnostics helps to reduce repair costs and avoid forced downtime in the operation of machines and mechanisms.
What is psychological diagnostics
Psychological diagnostics develops the theory, principles for assessing and measuring the psychological characteristics of a person. What diagnostics are needed for in psychology will be indicated by the areas of its application. These include:
- recruitment and selection of personnel, career guidance, personnel management;
- identifying the best ways to teach and educate children;
- making a forecast of social behavior of people;
- conducting a forensic psychological examination;
- providing psychological and psychotherapeutic assistance;
- clinical (assessment of the psychological state of a person during outpatient treatment, at a doctor's appointment or in the provision of emergency medical care).
In addition to the above types of diagnostics, there are others (for example, economic, pedagogical), the basic principles of which can be understood, knowing what diagnostics is in the broad sense of the word.
The main condition for the long-term and trouble-free operation of the car is the timely elimination of problems as they arise. And if earlier the determination of the malfunction took a lot of time and had low accuracy, then the use of new technologies made it possible to quickly diagnose and.
What is car computer diagnostics?
Motorists often do not understand the essence and features of such checks. But everything is simple here. This is a test of electronic components and actuators of the car, which affect the functioning of the on-board system and the car as a whole. With the help of computer diagnostics, malfunctions of units are determined for further processing of a special error card and correction of current malfunctions.
Self-diagnosis systems are provided in the on-board systems. They carry out continuous testing of the main systems during the start of the motor and during the operation of the power unit. Thanks to the information received, the driver will timely learn about the current malfunctions and defects of the car.There is a diagnostic socket in the car for checking and reading the ECU. Special diagnostic and control devices are connected to it. The use of products is the ability to accurately diagnose a malfunction and eliminate it.
When to get diagnosed?
Car enthusiasts avoid costs, so diagnostics often boils down to using "old-fashioned" methods or ignoring the problem. This approach leads to even more damage and costs in the future. To avoid problems, it is worth responding to the following malfunction symptoms:
- an increase in the consumption of gasoline (diesel fuel) by cars;
- malfunctions of the accelerator pedal. When pressed, instead of gaining speed, it slows down;
- the appearance of black and white exhausts;
- the occurrence of noises and knocks;
- an increase in the warm-up time of the power unit (in comparison with previous indicators);
- reduction of power loss of the power unit.
The symptoms described above signal obvious malfunctions of the engine or other components of the car, which are determined by computer diagnostics. The check will not be superfluous in the following cases:
- when buying from a private owner;
- when self-preparing a car for sale. Carrying out diagnostics is a chance to accurately calculate the cost of the car;
- in a situation where the machine is operated for a long time without repair;
- in cases where the car is used in extreme conditions (trips out of town, long trip, difficult weather conditions, and so on).
Diagnostic methods
Video: How computer diagnostics are used for cars
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Before starting the repair, the master determines which mechanism is faulty. This requirement is relevant for all investigated mechanisms, be it an engine or a suspension. Today, diagnostics is carried out in three ways:
- using the human senses such as smell, hearing and sight;
- inspection of the car, application of instruments and measurement of basic parameters;
- carrying out electronic (computer) diagnostics.
In practice, all of the above methods are applied. The only difference is in the duration and accuracy of the procedure. The first method is the simplest, but not very precise. The second is accurate, but it is time consuming. The ideal option is computer diagnostics of the car. Its essence is in scanning nodes controlled by a microprocessor.
Check features
New models of cars have an ECU (electronic control unit), which records current errors and notifies the driver about the presence of problems with a particular unit. All malfunctions are identified using special complexes. The service carries out:
- car engine diagnostics, checking the operation of all sensors, controllers and systems;
- diagnostics of the correct operation of the crankset and ECU.
Auto diagnostic program
As soon as all checks are completed, current faults appear on the monitor screen. Further, the program reconfigures the ECU (if there are violations). If the problem is a fuel system failure, then the program determines the repair option.
In addition to the engine, the fuel system and the cooling system, other systems are checked - the gearbox and the chassis of the car. When the probability of missing something is minimal. The specialist accurately identifies the malfunction, which saves time to find the problem and money to repair serviceable parts.
Nuances of diagnosis
Video: Computer diagnostics of the ELM327 car (Part 1)
A popular test is engine diagnostics, for which a scanner and a motor tester are used. First, the nodes are scanned - electronic diagnostics. A personal computer (or laptop) acts as a scanner, which is connected through the diagnostic connector and reads error codes. A feature of such a device is assistance in controlling mechanisms and decoding signals sent from microprocessor sensors.
In practice, scanning is not enough to identify a problem. To obtain accurate results, a motor tester is used - a multichannel oscilloscope. The task of the device is to measure signals coming from the on-board computer, display oscillograms and other data on the screen. Additional information allows you to draw accurate conclusions about the problem and decide what to do next.
The equipment described above is available in two types:
- stationary motor testers are devices designed for versatile vehicle diagnostics. In such OBD-II systems - only a small part of the gas analyzer system, reading the compression parameters, pressure in the fuel system, and so on;
- dealer scanners (specialized devices) - digital products that are multifunctional. Basically, it is a combination of a small computer, an oscilloscope, and a multimeter. The cost of a specialized device exceeds 2-3 thousand dollars, so you can find it only at a specialized service station.
Despite the accuracy and simplicity, computer diagnostics of a car takes a certain amount of time. The problem is not immediately apparent. The average duration of the tests is 20-30 minutes, because the specialists at the service station not only read the error codes, but also decipher the ECU readings.
Stages of work on computer diagnostics of a car
Computer diagnostics of a car engine
Computer diagnostics includes testing the car electronics and the units responsible for the operation of the main vehicle components - the engine, suspension, cruise control, transmission, navigation, dashboard, and so on. The work takes place in several stages:
- The components of the car are checked using the available diagnostic tools, basic data are taken from the components of the car, errors are read. At this stage, the workshop worker must correctly decipher the scanner readings and draw preliminary conclusions about the malfunction;
- At the second stage, additional analog testing is done. The electrical part of the car is checked - wires, batteries, contact connections, generator. The master determines whether the system is in good order or not. Otherwise, the rest of the data will be irrelevant;
- Car parameters are checked online. The option name is "Data Strea". Information on the flow - a chance to check signals from executive bodies and other elements. In this mode, the main parameters are visible on the screen of the testing device - fuel injection, sensors, XX mode, and so on;
- The analysis of the data obtained during the verification process is carried out. As already mentioned, the scanner produces basic waveforms that are worth comparing with the typical ones for each of the vehicles. Usually a skilled craftsman has all this information at hand;
- Errors written to the controller are cleared. This is followed by reinitialization. In some cases, it is necessary to perform repeated initialization work (if the main parameters were lost).
Conclusion
Computer diagnostics of a car - the ability to identify a malfunction (at an early stage) and eliminate it. Saving in this business often leads to the failure of expensive units and, as a result, high costs.
Periodically, the car requires engine diagnostics. What is included and the cost, the masters tell before its implementation. Many workshops have a machine on which you can print the test results.
Service appointment
Engine diagnostics are required once a year. What is included and the cost interests each driver. But not everyone understands that the service implies only a statement of the actual condition of the car without performing any kind of work. Deviations from nominal parameters are provided to the customer in a printed form.
Engine diagnostics ends with recommendations. What is included in the cost of future repairs is reported at the request of the customer. The foremen often advise on how the malfunction can be eliminated. Although this is not included in the price of the service. They are obliged to find defects and make a written conclusion on the condition of the mechanisms.
In the auto repair shop market, engine diagnostics are not always the same. What is included in the cost depends on the material support, the capabilities of the equipment. For example, to measure the parameters of classic cars and modern ones, you will need a different set of tools. If in the first case everything will be done by a person, then in the second a laptop or special electronics will do half of the work for a person.
Test as prevention of malfunctions
Diagnosing a car engine will help prevent many problems that can lead to costly repairs in the future. So, wear of liners or lack of compression increases the likelihood of failure of the piston system. At a cost per test of 1 thousand rubles. significant and can exceed 50 thousand rubles. The savings are obvious if you visit the workshop periodically.
Diagnosis of a car engine also involves the search for unreliable components. It is highly likely that the craftsmen are able to indicate parts that require replacement. The driver himself decides on the urgency of the repair. Some faults can be rectified as time and money become available. If there is a threat of an emergency, the diagnostician will definitely recommend urgently seeking technical assistance.
In a high-quality service, the driver is offered a printout before the computer diagnostics, which indicates the step-by-step execution of the tests. But the cost in such workshops is not affordable for everyone. More often, the customer receives a printout and a written essay on the survey of his car. The consultants answer your questions.
Not everyone knows that it is not necessary to leave your car at the entrance to the technical room. Drivers are obliged to let them in at their request after a short briefing. So they can control the work of the foremen, but without interfering with endless questions.
How to choose a place for the test?
Where to make the engine diagnostics, each driver decides, based on considerations of economy and quality of service. The first criterion can be found on the Internet, phone. The second is not easy to determine in advance. We'll have to inquire about the workshop, visit it and look at the attitude towards customers.
Negative reviews are often left by people who do not fully understand the purpose of computer diagnostics. You can often come across words like: "They did nothing, they gave some kind of printout and that's it!" After all, the service was provided, and this does not mean the lack of qualifications of the masters. Each negative comment should be read and understood.
Why so expensive?
Gasoline engine diagnostics is a complex procedure that requires a lot of experience in car repair. In fact, the wizard is paid for and his ability to identify malfunctions by sound, appearance and digital test indicators. The printout alone is comparable to the results of the tests in the hospital. The numbers say a lot, but a complete picture of the disease is needed.
Likewise, diagnostics is a complex and lengthy process. A complete engine inspection cannot be completed in a few minutes. In addition to connecting a computer, you need, so to speak, to probe the nodes with your hands.
No money is paid for just one printout. Drivers should understand that a person with a computer is not a car repair technician. Although offers of this kind often appear on the diagnostic market.
Electrical parameters
Complete diagnostics consists of individual operations. The main procedure is to scan vehicle sensors through standard connectors. Many craftsmen can do this on their own, three tools are required: an appropriate USB adapter connector, a program (you can download it on the Internet), a laptop. The cost in the salon fluctuates around the figure of 500 rubles. Errors and history of manipulations with the memory of the electronic system are determined.
The parameters of the exhaust gases are measured with a special device. The cost ranges from 300 rubles. The ignition tester costs 500 rubles. Measurement of the ignition timing - 300 rubles.
An external examination determines the condition of candles, coils, wires. The reliability of the connection between the engine and the vehicle mass is checked. The condition of the storage battery is diagnosed.
Mechanics
Individual parts of the engine must be checked by hand. These include: belt tension (100 rubles), condition and level of fluids (100 rubles), assessment of noise in operation. Each cylinder is examined with an endoscope for 600 rubles. The pressure of the pneumatic system is measured for 400 rubles.
The total price for a set of services is significantly lower due to the action of market competition. With a decrease in the cost of a service, its quality or the number of individual diagnostic stages deteriorates. For 4 thousand rubles. not every driver is ready to inspect a car without repairing established faults.
The amount for diagnostics is justified due to the speed of the service, a positive attitude towards the client, a set of additional options. In reality, in the amount of 1 thousand rubles. often includes only a computer scan of sensors, visual inspection, checking the ignition system and exhaust gases with an analyzer.
