At the beginning of the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. in Mahayana Buddhism a new direction is gradually emerging and forming, or Yana(“Chariot”), called Vajrayana, or tantric Buddhism; This direction can be considered the final stage in the development of Buddhism in its homeland - India.

Here we must immediately say that the word “tantra” itself does not in any way characterize the specifics of this new type of Buddhism. “Tantra” (like sutra) is simply a type of text that may not have anything “tantric” in it. If the word "sutra" means "thread" on which something is strung, then the word "tantra", derived from the root "tan" (to pull, stretch) and the suffix "tra", means the basis of the fabric; that is, as in the case of sutras, we are talking about certain basic texts that serve as the basis, the core. Therefore, although the followers of Tantrism themselves talk about the “path of sutras” (Hinayana and Mahayana) and the “path of mantras,” they nevertheless prefer to call their teaching Vajrayana, contrasting it not with the Mahayana (the tantras always emphasize that the Vajrayana is the “path”, Yana, inside Mahayana), and the classical Mahayana path of gradual improvement, the so-called Paramitayans, that is Paramita Paths, or perfections that transfer to the Other Shore. That is, the Vajrayana is opposed precisely to the Paramitayana, and not to the Mahayana, which includes both the Paramitayana (the achievement of Buddhahood in three innumerable kalpas) and the Vajrayana (the achievement of Buddhahood in one life, “in this body”).

Word vajra, included in the name “Vajrayana,” was originally used to designate the thunder scepter of the Indian Zeus, the Vedic god Indra, but gradually its meaning changed. The fact is that one of the meanings of the word “vajra” is “diamond”, “adamant”. Within Buddhism, the word “vajra” began to be associated, on the one hand, with the initially perfect nature of awakened consciousness, like an indestructible diamond, and, on the other, with awakening itself, enlightenment, like an instantaneous clap of thunder or a flash of lightning. The ritual Buddhist vajra, like the ancient vajra, is a type of scepter symbolizing awakened consciousness, as well as karuna(compassion) and I'll fall(skillful means) in the opposition prajna - upaya (prajna and emptiness are symbolized by the ritual bell; the combination of the vajra and the bell in the ritually crossed hands of the priest symbolizes awakening as a result of integration ( yugannadha) wisdom and method, emptiness and compassion. Therefore the word Vajrayana can be translated as “Diamond Chariot”, “Thunder Chariot”, etc. The first translation is the most common.

It should immediately be said that with regard to the aspect of wisdom (prajna), Vajrayana does not imply practically anything new in comparison with the classical Mahayana and is based on its philosophical teachings - Madhyamaka, Yogacara and the theory of Tathagatagarbha. All the originality of the Diamond Chariot is associated with its methods (upaya), although the purpose of using these methods is still the same - achieving Buddhahood for the benefit of all living beings. Vajrayana claims that the main advantage of its method is its extreme efficiency, “instantaneity”, allowing a person to become a Buddha within one life, and not three immeasurable ones ( asankheya) world cycles - kalpas. Consequently, an adept of the tantric path can quickly fulfill his bodhisattva vow - to become a Buddha for the deliverance of all beings drowning in the swamp of the cyclical existence of birth and death. At the same time, Vajrayana mentors always emphasized that this path is also the most dangerous, similar to a direct ascent to the top of a mountain along a rope stretched over all mountain gorges and abysses. The slightest mistake on this path will lead the unlucky yogi to madness or birth in a special “vajra hell”. The guarantee of success on this dangerous path is adherence to the bodhisattva ideal and the desire to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible in order to quickly gain the ability to save living beings from the suffering of samsara. If a yogi enters the Chariot of Thunder for the sake of his own success, in pursuit of magical powers and power, his final defeat and spiritual degradation are inevitable.

Therefore, tantric texts were considered sacred, and the beginning of practice in the Vajrayana system presupposed receiving special initiations and corresponding oral instructions and explanations from a teacher who had achieved the realization of the Path. In general, the role of the teacher is guru, in tantric practice is extremely large, and sometimes young adepts spent a lot of time and made great efforts to find a worthy mentor. Due to this intimacy of Vajrayana practice, it was also called the Vehicle of the Secret Tantra or simply a secret (esoteric) teaching (Ch. mi jiao).

All tantras, that is, doctrinal texts of the Vajrayana, which, like sutras, are instructions put by the authors of the tantras into the mouth of the Buddha himself - Bhagavan, were divided into four classes: Kriya Tantras(tantras of purification), Charya Tantras(action tantras), yoga tantra(yogic tantras) and anuttara yoga tantra(tantras of the highest yoga), and the last, or highest, class was also divided into mother tantras (if they emphasized wisdom - prajna and the feminine principle), father tantras (if they emphasized the method - upaya and the masculine principle) and non-dual tantras (if these two principles played the same role). There were also some specific classifications. Yes, Tibetan school Nyingma pa called Anuttara yoga Great Yoga ( maha yoga) and supplemented the standard classification with two more types of yoga: Anu Yoga(original yoga), which involved working with the “subtle” (energy) psychophysiological centers of the body ( chakras And nadi), And [ maha] ati yoga([great] perfect yoga, or Dzog-cheng). True, it should be added that the final standard classification of tantras was established quite late, not earlier than the 11th century, and not in India, but in Tibet (it is possible that its author was Bromtonpa, 992-1074, student of the famous Buddhist preacher in the Land of Snows Atishi).

Each type of tantra had its own methods: in the Kriya Tantras, external forms of practice predominate, primarily various mystical rituals, in the Charya Tantras elements of internal, contemplative practice appear, in the Yoga Tantras it predominates, and the Anutara Yoga Tantras already exclusively relate to the internal psychopractice. However, anuttara yoga tantras also have a number of very specific features that quite clearly distinguish this type of tantric texts from texts of other classes.

The main methods offered by the first three classes of tantras can be reduced to the performance of special rituals-liturgies that have complex symbolic meaning and to practice mantra, techniques of visualization (mental reproduction of images) of deities and contemplation mandal.

Reading practice mantra has such great importance in Vajrayana that it is often even called Mantrayana— The Vehicle of Mantras (sometimes this name is applied to the practice of the first three categories of tantras). Strictly speaking, the practice of reciting mantra prayers is well known in classical Mahayana. However, the nature of Mahayana prayers and tantric mantras and dharani completely different. Mahayana mantras are usually designed to understand the immediate meaning of their constituent words and sentences. For example: " Om! Svabhava shuddha, sarva dharma svabhava shuddha. Hum! (“Om! Pure self-existence, pure self-existence of all dharmas. Hum!”) Or the prajna-paramita mantra from the “Heart Sutra”: “ Om! Gate, gate, paragate, parasamgate, bodhi. Matchmaker! (“Om! O leading beyond, translating beyond, leading beyond the limits of the beyond, awakening. Glory!”) Or the famous mantra of the great compassionate bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara: “ Om mani padme hum"-" Om! Precious lotus! Hum! It should be noted that already in these mantras such syllables as ohm And hum left without translation. This sacred untranslatability (syllable ohm, or aum, considered sacred long before Buddhism) already directly relates them to tantric mantras. The sound combinations that form these mantras, such as hum, Oh, hri, e-ma-ho and the like, have no dictionary meaning. They are designed for the direct impact of their sound, the sound vibrations themselves and the modulations of the voice when pronounced on the consciousness and psychophysical parameters of the yogi repeating them. Pronouncing mantras also implies contemplative concentration and understanding of the internal (esoteric) meaning of the mantra and its impact. Often written texts of mantras (sometimes visualized on certain parts of the body) can also be contemplated, and a certain color, size, thickness and other parameters of the contemplated letters are set. Kukai (Kobo Daishi), founder of the Japanese tantric school Shingon(774-835), became at the same time the creator of the Japanese national alphabet precisely thanks to the interest of the tantras in sound and its graphic recording. The practice of tantric mantras also involved receiving a special initiation, which was accompanied by an explanation of the correct pronunciation of a particular sound.

The technique of visualizing deities is also extremely developed in Vajrayana. A practicing yogi must learn to imagine this or that Buddha or bodhisattva not just as some kind of image, but as a living person with whom one can even talk. Usually the visualization of deities is accompanied by the recitation of mantras dedicated to him. This form of contemplation is especially characteristic of methods anutara yoga tantra the first stage of practice (the so-called generation stage - utpatti krama).

Mandala(lit.: “circle”) is a complex three-dimensional (although there are also icons depicting mandalas) model of the psychocosm in the aspect of the awakened consciousness of a particular Buddha or bodhisattva (his image is usually placed in the center of the mandala). The yogi visualizes the mandala, builds, as it were, an internal mandala in his consciousness, which is then combined with the external mandala by an act of projection, transforming the world around the yogi into the divine world, or rather, changing the yogi’s consciousness in such a way that it begins to unfold at a different level, corresponding to the level of deployment consciousness of the deity of the mandala; it is no longer a “world of dust and dirt,” but a Pure Land, a “Buddha Field.” In passing, we note that there were even grandiose temple complexes built in the shape of a mandala. According to many researchers, this is, for example, the famous Indonesian monastery of Borobudur, which is a giant mandala in stone.

It is difficult to say when for the first time the elements of tantric practice, which existed in Buddhism since ancient times, began to take shape in a special yogic system - Vajrayana. Apparently, this process begins in the 4th - 5th centuries. In any case, by the 8th century all forms of methods described in the tantras of the first three classes already existed (in the first quarter of the 8th century they were already beginning to be preached in China). In the middle of the 8th century, the tantras of the highest yoga began to appear ( anuttara yoga tantra) and their corresponding forms of practice. If we talk about the place where Tantric Buddhism appeared, then it most likely was South or East India (perhaps this is the area where the famous stupa was located Dhanyataka- now the village of Amaravati in the Guntur district of Andhrapradesh state, but the genesis of Vajrayana in Indian lands such as Orissa or Bengal is also not excluded; subsequently Vajrayana especially flourished in Kamarupa - Assam).

Anutara yoga tantras (that is, we repeat, tantras of the highest yoga) use all the methods and techniques described above, but their content is significantly changed. In addition, tantras of this class are also characterized by a number of specific features, which are usually associated in popular literature with the word “tantra”, and very often, when they talk about tantras, they mean precisely the tantras of the highest yoga ( Guhyasamaja tantra, Hevajra tantra, Chandamaharoshana tantra, Chakrasamvara tantra, Kalachakra tantra and etc.). But before considering their specifics, let us ask ourselves the question of the origin of the Vajrayana, which will greatly help to understand the essence of the tantric texts of the highest yoga, and the nature of the methods described in these texts, as well as the language in which these methods are described.

As already mentioned in the first lecture, Buddhism was largely formed within the framework of the protest of a living religious and moral feeling against the frozen Brahmanical dogmatism and ritualism, against the snobbish pride of the “twice-born.” But by the time of the appearance of the Diamond Chariot, Buddhism itself, as a widespread and prosperous religion, had its own external piety, enchanted by its righteousness and virtues acquired within the walls of monasteries; A monastic elite arose, replacing the spirit of the teachings of the Awakened One with scrupulous adherence to the letter of monastic rules and formal regulations. This gradual fading of the living religious impulse prompted a number of followers of Buddhism to challenge the traditional monastic way of life in the name of reviving the spirit of the Buddha's teachings, contrary to all formalism and dogmatic deadness and based on direct psychotechnical experience. This trend has found its highest expression in images Mahasiddhas(“great perfects”), people who preferred the experience of individual hermitage and yogic improvement to monastic isolation. In the images of the Mahasiddhas (Tilopa, Naropa, Maripa, etc.) there is a lot that is grotesque, foolish, and sometimes shocking to the average man in the street with his popular ideas about holiness and piety.

Here is a very typical example from the “Biographies of the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas,” compiled at the turn of the 11th - 12th centuries by the “great guru from Champara” - a tantrik Abhayadatta:

“Virupa practiced yoga for twelve years and achieved siddhi (perfection). One day a novice bought wine and meat and brought it to him; after that Virupa began to catch pigeons and eat them. When the pigeons were gone, the monks became interested: “Which of us eats pigeons? A monk should not do this." The monks examined the cells, including Virupa’s cell. Looking out the window, they just saw him eating pigeon meat, washing it down with wine. At the next meeting, it was decided to expel Virupa from the monastery. On the day of his exile, he offered his monastic robe and begging bowl to the image of the Buddha, bowed and left. One of the last monks on the road asked him: “Where will you go now?” Virupa replied: “You have driven me out, so what do you care now where I go?” Not far from the monastery there was a large lake. Virupa picked a lotus flower and offered it to Buddha. Then, near the shore of the lake, he stood on a lotus leaf and walked through the water to the other shore. Those who were in Somapuri were filled with remorse and regret. They bowed to Virupa and, grabbing his knees, turned to him and began to ask him: “Why did you kill the birds?” “I didn’t kill anyone,” Virupa answered and asked the novice to bring scraps. When the master snapped his fingers, the feathers turned into doves, even more beautiful and well-fed than before, and everyone around was witnesses to this.

Since then, Virupa left the monastic community and began to lead the life of a wandering yogi. One day Virupa came to the banks of the Ganges and asked the local goddess for food and drink, but she did not give him anything. Then the angry Teacher parted the waters and crossed to the other side.

Once in Kanasati, Virupa bought wine in a tavern. The maid served him wine and rice cakes, which he really liked. He feasted for two days on end, and the sun did not move. Then the king of those places, puzzled by this circumstance, demanded to know who had performed this miracle. The sun goddess appeared to the king in a dream and said: “The wandering yogi left me as a pawn to the maid from the tavern.” After some time, when the king and his retinue paid for the wine drunk by Virupa, whose debt had already reached fabulous proportions, he disappeared.

After this, he went to the country of Indra, where the pagans lived. There stood, for example, a forty-meter-tall image of Shiva in the form of the “Great Lord,” Maheshvara. Virupa was asked to bow to him, but he replied: “The elder brother should not bow to the younger.” The king and his entourage shouted that they would execute Virupa if he did not bow down immediately. “I can’t—it would be a great sin,” Virupa said. “Let your “sin” fall on me!” - the king laughed.

When the Teacher folded his hands and fell on his face, the huge statue split in half and a voice was heard: “I submit to you!” After the oath, the colossus again became whole, as it had been before. The local residents gave Virupa all the gifts offered to the statue of Shiva and became Buddhists. They say that some of these gifts have survived to this day."

The Mahasiddhas were, first of all, practitioners, yogis, who were interested precisely in the speedy achievement of a religious goal, and not in the scholastic subtleties of interpretation of the Dharma and the endless discussions about them in monastic centers that became an end in themselves. Yogis - mahasiddhas did not bind themselves by taking formal vows, led a free lifestyle and even outwardly, with their long hair (and sometimes beards), differed from shaved monks (it is interesting that even now, during the performance of tantric rituals in the datsans of Mongolia and Buryatia, lamas monks put wigs with the characteristic hairstyle of Vajrayana yogis on their shaved or short-cropped heads, thus temporarily becoming like laymen). Having no dogmatic prejudices, they freely associated with fellow Hindu yogis who disdained the restrictions of Brahmanical orthodoxy, which led to an unlimited exchange of ideas and methods of yogic practice. Apparently, it was in this environment that the techniques and images characteristic of the tantras of the highest yoga class were formed (the heyday of the Mahasiddha movement - the 10th - 11th centuries), adopted much later and not entirely fully by monastic Buddhism.

Speaking about the mahasiddhas, it is impossible not to at least briefly mention the six yogas of Naropa:

1. yoga of internal heat;
2. yoga of the illusory body;
3. dream yoga;
4. clear light yoga;
5. intermediate state yoga;
6. yoga of consciousness transfer.

Although all the methods of these yogic systems are very interesting, here we will have to limit ourselves to just a few words about the above forms of tantric yoga.

The first of these yogas presupposes the yogi’s ability to enter an intermediate state between death and new birth ( antara bhava; Tib. bardo; whale. zhong yin). The yogi reaches a special state of consciousness, which he identifies with the intermediate state. In it, the sensation of the body disappears, and the yogi’s consciousness (psychological subject) can move freely in space, experiencing various visions. At the same time, the yogi feels that he is tied to his body with an elastic thread. Breaking the thread would mean actual death. Why do you need to enter an intermediate state? In Tantric Buddhism, there is the idea that everyone who has died at some point experiences awakening and contemplates the boundless clear light of the empty Dharma Body, identical to his own original nature. Consolidating this experience (which, according to tradition, almost no one succeeds in) means achieving Buddhahood and leaving samsara. Therefore, the yogi strives during his lifetime to enter, while in a state of samadhi, an intermediate state and try to achieve awakening in it.

Yoga of internal heat ( chunda yoga, Tib. tummo) is especially popular in the Tibetan school Kagyu-pa (Kajud-pa). Chunda yoga involves working with psychophysiological “subtle” centers - chakras and channels through which vital energy ( prana) circulates throughout the body ( nadi), for sublimation prana, which is expressed in strong heating of the body, and transformation of consciousness (experience of the state of non-duality of bliss and emptiness).

Of particular interest is dream yoga with its technique of “waking in a dream”, which gradually turns into the ability to practice yoga in a dream and gives insight into the illusory “dream-likeness” of all phenomena. It is known that Chan (Zen) monks of East Asian countries can also remain in constant contemplation (including in dreams). Yoga of the illusory body, reminiscent of Taoist "inner alchemy" ( nay tribute), consists in replacing the “gross” physical body with a “subtle” energy body created from prana energies and similar to rainbow radiance. Yoga of transference of consciousness (Tib. phowa) consists of “opening” at the top of the head a special “thin hole” (“the hole of Brahma”) for the exit through it at the moment of death of consciousness, surrounded by an “energy shell”, and its “transfer” to the Pure Land of Buddha Amitabha (see lecture 3 ). Contents of Clear Light Yoga ( prabhasvara, Tib. od gsal) is close, as far as one can judge, to the yoga of the intermediate state.

Speaking about mahasiddhas, it is important to note one more point. The tendency towards the substantialization of awakened consciousness, which was discussed in connection with the theory of the Tathagatagarbha, finds its full completion in the texts associated with the names of the Mahasiddhas and in the later tantras, which is perhaps due to the convergence of Hindu and Buddhist yoga in a psychotechnically (rather than doctrinally) oriented Indian Vajrayana traditions. In the later tantras the concept even appears Adibuddhas(Primordial, or Eternal, Buddha), the personification of the single absolute Mind, which embraces all existence (Dharma world - dharmadhatu), both samsara and nirvana, and many yoga tantra(for example, very popular in China and Japan Mahavairocana tantra) talk about the "Great Self" ( mahatman) as a synonym for the Dharma Body of the Buddha. The non-dual Dharmakaya is often described in these texts in the same terms as the divine Atman of the Upanishads and other Brahmanical texts, and sometimes it is even directly called by the names of Hindu gods (Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, etc.).

Here is a typical example from Guhyasamaja tantra (XVII, 19):

“This body-vajra is Brahma, the speech-Vajra is Shiva (the Great Lord), the thought-vajra, the king, is the great magician Vishnu.” As one Indian Buddhist scholar has noted, Vajrasattva (the Diamond-Indestructible Being, another name for the supreme reality of the One Mind) is far superior to all the gods named here, for he is the unity of them all.

It took enormous efforts of the reformer of Tibetan Buddhism, Tsongkhapa (XIV - XV centuries), in order, within the framework of the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, to harmonize the position of the tantras exclusively with the classical form of Madhyamaka Prasangika, which was considered the highest philosophy in the Gelugpa school. In the “old” schools of Tibetan Buddhism ( Sakya-pa, Kagyu-pa and especially, Nyingma pa) the original “convergent” character of the “theology” of the tantras has been preserved in more or less its original form.

What catches your eye when reading tantric texts of the highest yoga? First of all, these are the motives of the sinful, criminal and terrible, the themes of adultery, incest, murder, theft and even cannibalism repeated in positive contexts - all this is recommended for a true yogi to commit, everything that, it would seem, is completely opposite to the very spirit of Buddhism, which has always preached moral purity, compassion for all living things and abstinence. And suddenly - solemn statements that the path to satisfy all passions is identical to the path to suppress them, suddenly - sermons delivered by Buddha - Bhagavan, who is in yoni, the “lotus” of female genitalia, sermons that make Bodhisattvas who listen to them faint, for these sermons are filled with calls to kill parents and teachers, commit acts of the most monstrous incest, eat not only animal meat, but also indulge in cannibalism, and also commit offerings to the Buddha of meat, blood and excrement.

What's behind all this? Have some “Satanists” or “black magicians” taken possession of the image of the meek and compassionate Buddha to seduce living beings from the path of liberation? Or is it something else? But what?

First of all, it should be said that although the method of the tantras leads, according to tradition, to the same result as the method of the sutras of the classical Mahayana, nevertheless, in its nature it is directly opposite to that. Mahayana (and Hinayana) primarily worked with consciousness, with that thin and superficial layer of the psyche that is characteristic of a person and is closely related to the type of civilizational development of a particular society and its level. And only gradually the enlightening effect of Mahayana methods affects the deeper layers and layers of the psyche, purifying and transforming them. Vajrayana is a different matter. She immediately began working with the dark depths of the unconscious, that “quiet pool” in which “devils roam,” using its crazy surreal images and archetypes to quickly uproot the very roots of affects: passions, drives (sometimes pathological), attachments—all that which may not have been realized by the practitioner himself, bombarding, however, his consciousness “from within.” Then only came the turn of consciousness, transforming after the cleansing of the dark depths of the subconscious.

Large role in determining guru specific practice for each student was to clarify the basic affect for his psyche ( bell-bottoms): whether it is anger, passion, ignorance, pride or envy. Therefore, the texts of the Diamond Chariot tirelessly repeat that affects should not be eradicated or destroyed, but recognized and transformed, transubstantiated into awakened consciousness, just as in the process of alchemical transmutation the alchemist turns iron and lead into gold and silver. Thus, the tantric yogi himself turns out to be an alchemist (it is no coincidence that such famous mahasiddhas as Nagarjuna II and Saraha were considered alchemists), healing the psyche by transforming defilement and passions into the pure wisdom of the Buddha (for tantras such a series of correspondences is essential: five kleshas - five skandhas - five transcendental gnoses/wisdoms of the Buddha). And if the basis for the transmutation of metals is a certain primary matter, which forms the nature of both iron and gold, then the basis for the transformation of passions and inclinations into the wisdom of the Buddha is buddhatva- Buddha nature, which is the nature of the psyche and all its states ( chitta - caita) and which is present in any, even the most base mental act, just as water remains wet both in a sea wave and in any dirty puddle: after all, this dirt has nothing to do with the nature of water, which is always wet, clean and transparent. As already mentioned, the Tibetan tradition Dzog-cheng calls this nature of consciousness “consciousness” ( chittattva, sems-nyid) as opposed to simply the psyche, or mind ( chitta; sems); in the Chinese-Far Eastern tradition, Chan (Zen) is called the “nature of Mind” ( xin xin), which opens in the act of “seeing nature” (Chinese. Jian Xing; Japanese kensho). Its essence is pure and non-dual, extra-subject-object gnosis ( jnana; whale zhi, Tib. rig-pa or yeses).

And here the Vajrayana adherents find themselves in complete agreement with one of the fundamental postulates of the Mahayana - the doctrine of the identity and non-duality of samsara and nirvana.

Further, all tantric texts are highly symbolic, semiotic and are not at all designed for literal understanding (let’s not forget that we are talking about a secret teaching that is dangerous for laymen). Much of their interpretation depends on the level at which the text is being interpreted. Thus, on one level, the requirement to kill parents may mean the eradication of kleshas and a dualistic vision of reality, which serve as parents for a samsaric being, and on another, it may mean stopping the movement of energy flows ( prana) in the spinal column by holding the breath during the yogic practice of tantras (cf. the famous saying of the Chinese Chan monk Lin-chi, IX century: “If you meet a Buddha, kill the Buddha; if you meet a Patriarch, kill the Patriarch,” aimed at eradicating authoritarian thinking and externalizing the truth, since, as Chan teaches, there is no Buddha except the Buddha in our own heart-mind). The same is true for other metaphors of crime (cf. the phrase from Psalm 136 “On the rivers of Babylon”: “Blessed is the man who will dash your babies against the stone,” where the Orthodox Church understands sins by “Babylonian babies”).

Particular attention should be paid to the sexual symbolism of the tantras, which is so obvious that Westerners even began to associate it with the word “tantrism” itself.

It is not at all surprising that tantric yogis working with the subconscious paid special attention to sexuality (libido) as the basis of the very energy of the body, which was considered as a microcosm - an exact homomorphic copy of the universe. In addition, the Vajrayana considered bliss, pleasure ( sukha, bhoga) as the most important attribute of Buddha nature and even proclaimed the thesis about the identity of emptiness and bliss. Some tantras introduce the concept of the Body of Great Bliss ( mahasukha kaya), which is seen as the single essence of all three Buddha Bodies. And the pleasure of orgasm was considered by tantriks as the most adequate samsaric expression of this transcendental bliss. In the sexual yoga of tantra, orgasm had to be experienced as intensely as possible, used for psycho-practical purposes to stop conceptual thinking, mental construction (vikalpa), get rid of subject-object duality and move to the level of experiencing the absolute bliss of nirvana.

In addition, adherents of the Diamond Chariot correlated sexual images of the subconscious with the main provisions of the Mahayana doctrine. Let us recall that, according to the Mahayana teachings, the awakened consciousness is born (without being born) from the combination of the skilful method of the bodhisattva and his great compassion ( karuna, its symbol is the scepter - vajra) and wisdom as the direct intuition of emptiness as the inner nature of all phenomena ( prajna, its symbol is a bell). This integration of compassion/method and wisdom/emptiness ( yuganaddha) and there is an awakening ( bodhi). Therefore, nothing prevented the tantric tradition from correlating compassion and method with the masculine, active principle, and wisdom with the feminine, passive, and metaphorically representing the awakening, the acquisition of Buddhahood in the form of male and female figures of deity-symbols in intercourse. Thus, tantric images of syzygys (pairs) of combining deities are nothing more than metaphorical images of the unity of compassion-method and emptiness-wisdom/bliss, generating in the ecstasy of love union and pleasure (there is even a pun in the tantras bhoga yoga, pleasure is the essence of yoga, psychopractice) awakening as the highest totality, the integration of all psychosomatic aspects of the personality-microcosm (in accordance with the tantric principle of identity, consubstantiality of the body and consciousness-mind).

If once in ancient times one bhikkhu, when asked if a woman had passed by, answered that a skeleton had passed by, but he did not know what gender this skeleton was, now in the Vajrayana gender differences become one of the pillars of the path to awakening. At the same time, both the ancient Hinayanist bhikkhu and the tantrik yogi proceeded from the actual Buddhist doctrinal principles, which once again demonstrates the extraordinary plasticity of Buddhism and its ability, while remaining itself, to occupy completely different positions within the framework of the basic paradigm. Therefore, it makes no sense to say which Buddhism is “correct” - Hinayan, which sees neither men nor women, but only walking skeletons, or Tantric, which makes human sexuality one of the methods (upaya) of achieving Buddhahood. Apparently, completely “correct” Buddhism (that is, corresponding to the original principles of the Dharma) is both.

Did real rituals take place in tantric practice that presupposed the physical intimacy of the men participating in them ( yogi) and women ( mudra), who identified themselves with karuna And prajna accordingly, or did these rituals always have a purely internal, contemplative character? It is now quite clear that in the early period of the development of the Vajrayana, yogis who did not take monastic vows did indeed practice sexual rituals that required, as a necessary condition for their effectiveness, the self-identification of partners with deities. Sometimes sexual ritual was part of a tantric initiation (as in the case of the esoteric four higher initiations into the practice Kalachakra tantra) . Moreover, it has been argued that some forms of tantric yoga, especially at the completion stage of practice ( utpanna krama, satpatti krama), necessarily require real intercourse with a partner ( karma mudra), and not its meditative playback in the mind ( jnana mudra). These rituals continued to be practiced later, including in Tibet, but only by yogis who did not take monastic vows. The practice of such rituals and yogic methods for monks was strictly prohibited as incompatible with Vinaya, which was quite clearly expressed by such authorities of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition as Atisha(XI century) and Tsongkhapa(XIV - XV centuries), in no way, however, condemned the methods themselves if they were practiced by lay yogis. Therefore, in monasteries (the practice of the methods of anutara yoga tantras in the monastic environment was finally consolidated in the 11th - 12th centuries) sexual yoga was completely abandoned, content with its meditative recreation through the practice of visualization and self-identification with the visualized character ( jnana mudra). But in any case, tantric yoga is by no means a sex technique preached by numerous tantric charlatans, and not a way of obtaining sensual pleasure through mystical eroticism, but a complex system of working with the psyche, with the subconscious, to realize the religious ideal of Mahayana Buddhism - a psychotechnics that included a kind of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.

It is important to note one more circumstance. For a long time it was believed that Vajrayana was completely masculine-dominated and that women were essentially simply used in tantric rituals for the benefit of male yogis. However, modern research, including living traditions in the Himalayan region, has shown that there was a real cult of women in the Vajrayana. Many gurus were women, and many descriptions of tantric forms of practice are written by women - sadhan. Women were seen as the manifestation of the beginning of wisdom and often led in communities of tantric yogis. Therefore, talking about some kind of “instrumentality” of women in tantra, or even more so about the sexual exploitation of women, is completely incorrect.

Here it is appropriate to point out one significant difference between Buddhist Tantrism and Hindu (Shaivist) Tantrism, which developed in parallel with it. In Buddhism, the feminine principle is prajna, that is, wisdom, intuition of reality as it is and understanding of the nature of samsara as essentially empty states of consciousness; Prajna is passive. In Shaivism, the feminine principle is shakti, that is, force, energy, unity with which joins the world-creating power of God; shakti is by definition active. The Buddhist-Hindu convergence at the level of yoga has gone so far, however, that in the latest tantras (for example, in the Kalachakra Tantra, early 11th century) the concept of “shakti” appears, which had not previously been used in the Buddhist tantras.

Tantric Buddhism brought into being a new pantheon of deities unknown to other forms of Buddhism. When on a Buddhist icon you see a multi-armed and multi-headed deity, hung with skulls, often clutching his prajna in his arms, then know that you are seeing exactly an icon of Tantric Buddhism. What is the religious meaning of such images?

Just as the sexual symbolism of the tantras had its prototype in the archaic fertility cults (apparently of Dravidian origin) of ancient India, which were radically rethought by Buddhism and became, in essence, derivatives of archaic cults and images, being included in the context of the Buddhist worldview, Buddhist philosophy and psychology , the Tantric pantheon was also largely rooted in the cults of archaic deities, the veneration of which was largely preserved in the lower classes and castes of Indian society, as well as among the pariahs ( dombey, chandala). Who are all these tantric yogini(witches, demons) and dakini, magical maidens feasting in cemeteries and cremation sites and teaching adherents secret higher knowledge among skeletons and cremation ashes? By their origin, these are very unattractive bloodsucking vampires (their fangs are visible on Tibetan icons - tank), ghouls and demons of the lower layer of Indian mythology. But don’t their terrible and grotesque images best correspond to the surreal creations of the liberated and raging subconscious? Or is it not the transformation of the bloodsucker werewolf into the bearer of the secrets of the path to liberation that best symbolizes the idea of ​​the omnipresence and universality of the Buddha’s nature, which forms the own nature of even the most vicious psychic impulses? In addition, it must be said that tantric Buddhist yogis did not miss the opportunity to slightly shock the monastic elite by venerating such images.

In general, it must be said that Vajrayana, using the appearance and form of objects of ancient cults and folk beliefs and superstitions, radically rethought their content, transforming primeval demons and imps into symbols of certain mental states, which turned them into artificially constructed images of archetypes of the collective unconscious.

A special class of tantric deities are the so-called “tutelary deities” ( ishta devata; Tib. yidam). These deities, multi-armed and multi-headed, with many attributes, are the most complex archetypal symbols denoting the highest states of consciousness. Essentially the teaching of any tantra, its highest goal is awakening, and the methods it proposes can be visually represented in the form of a yidam. Therefore, the names of the yidams usually coincide with the names of the tantras: Hevajra (Yamantaka), Kalachakra, Guhyasamaja, Chakrasamvara, etc. Thus, the yidams symbolize perfect and complete awakening and therefore, in their status, correspond to the Buddhas and are identical to them. Their menacing appearance, bared fangs and other warlike attributes, in addition to their high psychological meaning, also demonstrate their readiness to destroy all vices and passions, turning their blood into the wine of awakening and amrita(ambrosia, drink of immortality), filling dripping- bowls made of skulls on many tantric icons. In the process of yogic contemplation at the stage of generation (utpatti krama), a yogi who knows the corresponding text by heart and owns the mantras encoding it and dharani, and also having received the necessary initiation, visualizes the corresponding deity, identifies himself with him, transferring his attributes to himself, and ultimately dissolves along with the yidam in the vastness of the empty “clear light” of the Buddha nature, which is also his own nature.

The practice of contemplating the yidam reflects another important feature of tantric yoga - its desire to present the abstract categories of Buddhist philosophy in the form of visual sensory images. So, during the tantric sadhan all categories of Abhidharma are represented in the form of figures of deities: the five skandhas, transformed into five transcendental gnoses, are symbolized in the form of five Gin(“Winners”), or Tathagata— Vairocana, Amitabha, Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava and Amoghasiddha; twelve Ayatan(sources of knowledge: six abilities of sensory perception - indriya and six corresponding types of objects of sense perception - hanging) in the form of six syzygys of male and female bodhisattvas; bell-bottoms(affects) - in the form of figures of people or demons, trampled under the feet of a yidam, etc.

The archaic roots of tantrism can also be indicated by elements of magical ideas and forms of practice within the framework of Vajrayana Buddhism, also rethought from the point of view of Buddhist ethics. The tantras are full of descriptions of rituals that can be formally attributed to magic, and, it would seem, even to harmful magic - rituals of pacification, enrichment, subjugation and destruction. However, the texts make important reservations: for example, secret rituals of destruction should be performed only for the benefit of sentient beings (for example, to destroy an enemy capable of destroying Buddhism or the monastic community in a given country). Nevertheless, one can find many examples in history when corresponding rituals were performed for less global reasons. The example of Japan is particularly characteristic here. Thus, in the 14th century, Emperor Godaigo, who fought the military shogun government in Kamakura, performed rituals of destruction; in 1854, the monks of the Shingon tantric school performed similar rituals when the squadron of the American Admiral Perry approached the shores of Japan, demanding the “opening” of the country on the basis of an unequal treaty, and, finally, rituals of subjugation and destruction were regularly performed by Japanese Shingon and Tendai monks during the Second World War. Particularly characteristic of these rituals is the ritual of “fire offering” ( Khoma, or goma), apparently going back to the early Vedic era.

Another example of the transformation of archaic religious practice is the tantric ritual Chod created in the 12th century by a Tibetan yogini Machig Labdon and very popular among Buddhists in Mongolia. This ritual, performed in the mountains in complete solitude, involves invoking hungry spirits and demons and then giving them to feed your own body. Its shamanic roots are completely obvious. However, the goals of the ritual are purely Buddhist - the development of compassion, the practice of the perfection of giving ( dana-paramita), overcoming the illusion of “I” and attachment to individual existence.

A very important position of Vajrayana Buddhism is the thesis of non-duality, the identity of body and consciousness. In general, consciousness occupies a central place in the Vajrayana teachings: both samsara and nirvana are nothing more than two different states of the same consciousness; awakening is the comprehension of the nature of consciousness as such, that is, as empty and non-dual gnosis-bliss. And this consciousness is proclaimed non-dichotomous, non-dual ( advaya) with the body and consubstantial with the latter. From here comes the natural desire of a tantric yogi to work not just with consciousness, but with the psychophysical whole of his body, which is non-dual in nature. Therefore, an important place in the methods of the Diamond Chariot (especially at the completion stage is utpanna krama, or satpatti krama) involves working with various psychophysical energy (“subtle”) structures of the body recognized by the Indian tradition. According to tantric paraphysiology (it is recognized in general terms by Hindu tantriks), the body at the “subtle” level is endowed with special channels ( nadi) through which vital energy circulates ( prana). Three of these channels are considered the most important. In Buddhist tantra they are called: avadhuti(it runs from the perineum to the crown of the head along the central part of the spinal column; in Hindu tantra it is called “sushumna”), Lalana And rasana, going to the right and left of avadhuti and symbolizing the method - compassion and wisdom (this Ida And pingala Hindu Tantra). The yogi strives to introduce the energy flows of the side channels into the central channel, which is inactive in the layman, to fuse them into a single whole and thus obtain an elixir of awakening directed to the brain. For this purpose, methods of sexual yoga are sometimes used, since tantrics believe that during orgasm, prana itself strives to enter the central channel of Avadhuti.

Exercises of this kind require certain preparation, training in motor and, especially, breathing exercises, as well as the ability to visualize the channel system. This practice, like a similar Hindu one, also includes exercises with chakras (chakra- literally: “wheel”), energy centers of the body, loci of convergence of channels-nadis. In Buddhist tantra, three chakras are usually used, correlated with the Three Bodies of the Buddha (sometimes a fourth, “secret” chakra is added to them; apparently, the center at the base of the spine), as well as with the Thought, Speech and Body of the Buddhas (Body - the upper, brain center , Nirmanakaya, Speech - middle, throat center, Sambhogakaya and Thought is the lower, heart center, Dharmakaya) . It is interesting that, unlike Hinduism, the highest state is not associated here with the head ( sahasrara; ushnisha), and with cardiac ( anahata; sobbing) center. An interesting parallel here may be the “smart prayer” of Eastern Christian monks - hesychasts, pronounced precisely from the mind placed in the heart.

Chakras and their elements correspond to certain seed mantras ( bija mantra), the lettering of which can be visualized by the yogi in the appropriate centers (the size, thickness and color of the letters are strictly regulated).

Opening the chakras (their activation), it is believed, and generally working with the energy of the body leads to the mastery of various superpowers by the yogi (in Buddhism they are called Riddhi): the ability to fly, become invisible, etc. About the great Tibetan yogi and greatest poet Milarepa (XI - early XII centuries), for example, there is a legend that he took refuge from a thunderstorm in a hollow horn thrown on the road, and the horn did not become larger, but Milarepa did not become smaller. It is believed that through breathing and physical exercises, taking alchemical elixirs and plant extracts, “returning semen to the brain” (achieved through the ability to experience orgasm without ejaculation) and contemplation, the yogi can even make his body immortal and indestructible, so that, by fulfilling the bodhisattva vows, throughout the entire cosmic cycle, stay with people and instruct them in the Buddha Dharma. Thus, among the elderly lamas of Buryatia, twenty to thirty years ago, there was a legend that the famous yogi and mahasiddha Saraha (7th century) visited one of the Buryat monasteries in the 20s of the 20th century. And although the Vajrayana teaches us to look at all such powers and abilities as empty and illusory in nature, among the people the reputation of miracle workers and wizards is firmly established for the adherents of the Diamond Chariot.

The structure of tantric yoga at the completion stage is not precisely defined; rather, it can be said that each text offered a different path structure. So, Hevajra tantra, Chandamaharoshana tantra And Kalachakra tantra they talk about “six limb yoga” ( shadanga yoga): firstly, the withdrawal of the senses from their objects and the introduction of pranas from the side channels into the central channel ( pratyahara); secondly, contemplation and achievement of one-pointedness of consciousness ( dhyana); thirdly, breathing exercises, breath control combined with the recitation of a mantra to cleanse the side channels and introduce prana through the middle channel into the heart chakra ( pranayama); fourthly, concentration, or concentration of consciousness for the integration of all pranas, the final eradication of all affects - kleshas and their “traces” - vasanas, as well as to achieve the experience of a feeling of bliss in all four chakras ( dharana); fifthly, the practice of mindfulness - mindfulness ( anusmriti) - at this stage, sexual yoga is also practiced at the level of karma mudra, jnana mudra or maha mudra (see above) to realize the emptiness of the body, its transformation into the divine form of yidam and achieve the experience of a state of unchanging bliss; sixth, extreme concentration or yogic trance ( samadhi), that is, the acquisition of a “body of gnosis” ( jnana deha) and the realization in oneself of all four Buddha Bodies, that is, their actualization in direct mental experience. The same texts recommend the same activities hatha yoga(poses - asanas, breathing exercises, etc.). It is believed that in the process of this practice the yogi not only masters his psychophysical complex in all its aspects and at all its levels, but also all the forces and energies of the universe in accordance with the principle of exact similarity (or even identity) of the body and the cosmos.

Tantric Buddhism actually became the leading direction of the late Indian Mahayana during the reign of the kings of the Pal dynasty, the last Buddhist monarchs of India (VIII - early XIII centuries), and was borrowed in the same status by the Tibetan tradition that was formed simultaneously. Tantric yoga was also practiced by such famous thinkers as Dharmakirti. Essentially, the logical-epistemological branch of Yogacara in philosophy and tantra in Buddhist practice determined the specifics of Buddhism in the last period of its existence in its homeland (although individual Buddhist tantric yogis lived in the 15th and even 16th centuries, but after the Muslim conquest of Bengal and Bihar in the 13th century, Buddhism disappeared as an organized religion in India). Both of these directions - the philosophy and logic of the late Yogacara and Vajraya - largely determined the specifics of Tibetan Buddhism (and then Mongolian, also borrowed by the peoples of Russia - the Buryats, Kalmyks and Tuvans).

In contrast, in the Far East, tantra received relatively little distribution (although it did influence the iconography of Chinese Buddhism quite strongly). Even in Japan, where, thanks to the remarkable personality of Kukai (Kobo Daishi, 774-835), the tantric school of yoga tantras Shingon is quite strong, the influence of tantra was noticeably inferior to the influence of such schools as Pure Land, Nichiren-shu, Zen or even Tendai. This is largely due to the fact that Chinese Buddhism was already practically formed by the time of the heyday of the Vajrayana (a new wave of interest in the tantras led in the 11th century to the translation of a number of Anuttara yoga tantras, but these translations were accompanied by significant deletions and editorial censorship of the texts). In addition, the cultural and ecological niche of the Vajrayana was largely occupied in China by Taoism. Nevertheless, Vajrayana still remains extremely relevant for Central Asian Buddhism and a very interesting phenomenon for religious studies in the spiritual life of the peoples of the East.

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Religions of the world: experience of the beyond Torchinov Evgeniy Alekseevich

Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana)

In the middle of the 1st millennium AD. e. Buddhism in India is entering the last period of its development, which received the name “tantric” in Buddhist literature. Here we must immediately say that the word “tantra” itself does not in any way characterize the specifics of this new type of Buddhism. “Tantra” is simply the name of a type of text that may not contain anything actually “tantric.” We have already touched on this issue when talking about Hindu Tantrism, but we consider it necessary to repeat it again. Just as the word “sutra”, which denoted the canonical texts of the Hinayana and Mahayana, has the meaning of “the basis of the fabric,” so the word “tantra” means just a thread on which something (beads, rosaries) is strung; that is, as in the case of sutras, we are talking about certain basic texts that serve as the basis, the core. Therefore, although the followers of Tantrism themselves talk about the “path of sutras” (Hinayana and Mahayana) and the “path of mantras,” they nevertheless prefer to call their teaching Vajrayana, contrasting it not with Mahayana (of which Vajrayana is a part), but with the classical Mahayana path of gradual improvement (paramitayana, the Chariot of Paramita or perfections that transfer to That Shore).

What does the word Vajrayana mean?

The word "vajra" was originally used to refer to the thunder scepter of the Vedic god Indra, but gradually its meaning changed. The fact is that one of the meanings of the word “vajra” is “diamond”, “adamant”. Already within the framework of Buddhism, the word “vajra” began to be associated, on the one hand, with the initially perfect nature of the awakened consciousness, like an indestructible diamond, and on the other, with awakening itself, enlightenment, like an instantaneous clap of thunder or a flash of lightning. The ritual Buddhist vajra, like the ancient vajra, is a special type of scepter that symbolizes awakened consciousness. Therefore, the word "Vajrayana" can be translated as "Diamond Chariot", "Thunder Chariot", etc. The first translation can be considered the most common. How is Vajrayana (or Tantric Buddhism) different from other forms of Buddhism?

It should immediately be said that with regard to the aspect of wisdom (prajna), the Vajrayana does not offer practically anything new compared to the classical Mahayana and is based on its philosophical teachings: Madhyamika, Yogacara and the theory of Tathagatagarbha. All the originality of the Diamond Chariot is associated with its methods (upaya), although the goal of these methods is still the same - achieving Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. But why, the question arises, are these new methods needed, if already in the classical Mahayana there was an extremely developed system of yogic improvement?

First of all, the Vajrayana texts claim that the path it offers is instantaneous (like the path of Chan Buddhism) and opens up for a person the possibility of achieving Buddhahood not through three immeasurable kalpas, as in the old Mahayana, but in this very life, “in one body.” Consequently, an adept of the Diamond Chariot can more quickly fulfill his bodhisattva vow: to become a Buddha in the name of liberating all living beings from the swamp of birth-death. At the same time, Vajrayana mentors always emphasized that this path is also the most dangerous, similar to a direct ascent to the top of a mountain along a rope stretched over all mountain gorges and abysses. The slightest mistake on this path will lead the unlucky yogi to madness or birth in a special “vajra hell”. The guarantee of success on this dangerous path is strict adherence to the bodhisattva ideal and the desire to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible in order to quickly be able to relieve living beings from the suffering of samsara. If the yogi enters the Chariot of Thunder for the sake of his own success, in pursuit of magical powers and power, his final defeat and spiritual degradation are inevitable.

Therefore, tantric texts were considered sacred, and the beginning of practice in the Vajrayana system presupposed receiving a special initiation and accompanying instructions from a teacher who had achieved the realization of the Path. In general, the role of the teacher in Tantric Buddhism is especially great (here it is appropriate to recall the statement of Muslim Sufi ascetics who said that for Sufis who do not have a teacher, the teacher is the devil). Due to this intimacy of Vajrayana practice, it is also called the Vehicle of Secret Tantra or simply the secret teaching (Chinese mi jiao).

What is the specificity of tantric methods of achieving the awakening of consciousness?

Before answering this question, we note that all tantras (that is, the doctrinal texts of the Vajrayana, which are instructions put by the authors of the tantras into the mouth of the Buddha, which, as we remember, the authors of the Mahayana sutras did) were divided into four classes: kriya tantras (purification tantras), charya tantras (action tantras), yoga tantras and anutara yoga tantras (highest yoga tantras). Each type of tantra had its own specific methods, although they had much in common. The difference, in fact, is between the first three classes of tantras and the last, which is considered (especially in Tibet, whose Buddhism strictly reproduced the late Indian tradition) to be the most excellent and perfect.

The main methods offered by the first three classes of tantras can be reduced to the performance of special rituals-liturgies that have a complex symbolic meaning, which presupposed a contemplative (psychotechnically oriented) reading of them by the performing yogi, and to the practice of mantras, the technique of visualizing deities and contemplating mandalas.

The practice of reciting mantras is of such great importance in Vajrayana that sometimes the path of the first classes of tantras is even called mantrayana (Vehicle of Mantras). Strictly speaking, the repetition of mantra prayers is well known in Mahayana. However, the nature of Mahayana prayers and tantric mantras and dharani (from the same root dhr, “to hold” as dharma; dharani - combinations of sounds, syllables encoding the content of detailed texts of a psychotechnical nature, their unique syllabic and sound synopsis) are completely different. Mahayana mantras are usually designed to understand the immediate meaning of their constituent words and sentences. For example: “Ohm! Svabhava shuddha, sarva dharma svabhava shuddha. Hum! (“Om! Pure self-existence, pure self-existence of all dharmas. Hum!” Or the prajna-paramita mantra from the “Heart Sutra”: “Om! Gate, gate, paragate, parasamgate, bodhi. Matchmaker!” (“O you, who translates for limits, translates beyond the limits, translates beyond the limits of the boundless, glory!") Or the famous mantra “Om mani padme hum” - “Om! Precious lotus! Hum!” (meaning the great compassionate bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, to whom this mantra is dedicated) ". It should be noted that the words om (aum) and hum are left without translation. This sacred untranslatability already directly relates them to tantric mantras. The sound combinations that form these mantras, such as hum, ah, hri and the like, have no dictionary meaning. They are designed for the direct impact of their very sound, the sound vibrations themselves and the modulations of the voice when pronounced on the consciousness and psychophysical parameters of the yogi repeating them. Pronouncing mantras also implies contemplative concentration and understanding of the inner meaning of the mantra and its impact. The practice of tantric mantras involves a special dedication, which is accompanied by an explanation of the correct pronunciation of a particular sound.

The technique of visualizing deities is also extremely developed in Vajrayana. A practicing yogi should ideally learn to imagine this or that buddha or bodhisattva not just as some kind of picture, but as a living person with whom one can even talk. Usually the visualization of a deity is accompanied by the reading of mantras dedicated to him. Mandala (literally: “circle”) is a complex three-dimensional (although there are also icons depicting mandalas) model of the psychocosm in the aspect of the enlightened consciousness of a particular Buddha or Bodhisattva (his image is usually placed in the center of the mandala). The yogi visualizes the mandala, builds, as it were, an internal mandala in his consciousness, which is then combined with the external mandala by an act of projection, transforming the world around the yogi into the divine world (more precisely, changing the yogi’s consciousness in such a way that it begins to unfold at a different level, corresponding to the level of development of consciousness deities of the mandala: this is no longer the “world of dust and dirt” of the consciousness of the layman, but the Pure Land, the “field of the Buddha”). In passing, we note that there were even grandiose temple complexes built in the shape of a mandala. According to many researchers, this is, for example, the famous Indonesian monastery of Borobudur, which is a giant mandala in stone.

Anutara yoga tantras (highest yoga tantras) use all the methods and techniques described above, but their content is significantly changed. In addition, tantras of this class are also characterized by a number of specific features that are usually associated in popular literature with the word “tantra”, and very often, when they talk about tantras, they mean the tantras of the highest yoga (“Guhyasamaja tantra”, “Hevajra tantra” ", "Kalachakra Tantra", etc.). But before considering their specifics, let us ask ourselves the question of the origin of the Vajrayana, its roots, which will greatly help to understand the essence of the tantric texts of the highest yoga and the nature of the methods described in them.

As already mentioned, Buddhism was largely formed as part of the protest of a living religious and moral feeling against the frozen Brahmanical dogmatism and ritualism, against the snobbish pride of the “twice-born”. But by the time of the appearance of the Diamond Chariot, Buddhism itself, as a widespread and prosperous religion, had its own external piety, enchanted by its righteousness and virtues acquired within the walls of monasteries; A monastic elite arose, replacing the spirit of the teachings of the Awakened One with scrupulous adherence to the letter of monastic rules and formal regulations. This gradual fading of the living religious impulse prompted a number of followers of Buddhism to challenge the traditional monastic way of life in the name of reviving the spirit of the Buddha's teachings, contrary to all formalism and dogmatic deadness and based on direct psychotechnical experience. This tendency found its highest expression in the images of mahasiddhas (great perfect ones), people who preferred the experience of individual hermitage and yogic perfection to monastic isolation. In the images of the Mahasiddhas (Naropa, Tilopa, Maripa, etc.) there is a lot that is grotesque, foolish, and sometimes shocking to the average man in the street with his popular ideas about holiness and piety. These were, first of all, practitioners, yogis, who were interested precisely in the speedy achievement of a religious goal, and not in the scholastic subtleties of interpretation of the Dharma and the endless discussions about them in monastic centers that became an end in themselves. The Mahasiddha yogis did not bind themselves by taking formal vows, led a free lifestyle and even outwardly, with their long hair (and sometimes beards), differed from the shaved monks (it is interesting that even now, during the performance of tantric rituals in the datsans of Mongolia and Buryatia, the lamas monks wear wigs on their shaved heads with the characteristic hairstyle of Vajrayana yogis). Having no dogmatic prejudices, they freely associated with fellow Hindu yogis who disdained the restrictions of Brahmanical orthodoxy, which led to an unlimited exchange of ideas and methods of yogic practice. Apparently, it was in this environment that the techniques and images characteristic of the tantras of the highest yoga class were formed, adopted much later by monastic Buddhism.

Speaking about the mahasiddhas, it is impossible not to at least briefly mention the six yogas of Naropa:

1. yoga of internal heat,

2. yoga of the illusory body,

3. dream yoga,

4. clear light yoga,

5. intermediate state yoga,

6. yoga of consciousness transfer.

All these types of yoga are extremely interesting in terms of developing a psychological approach in religious studies, since many of the states described (and achieved) in them are quite familiar to transpersonal psychology. Let's say a few words about the yoga of the intermediate state and the yoga of internal heat.

The first of them presupposes the yogi’s ability to enter an intermediate state between death and new birth (antara bhava, Tib. bardo, Chinese zhong yin). The yogi reaches a special state of consciousness, which he identifies with the intermediate state. In it, the sensation of the body disappears, and the yogi’s consciousness (psychological subject) can move freely in space, experiencing various visions. At the same time, the yogi feels that he is, as it were, tied to his body with an elastic thread. Breaking the thread would mean actual death. Why do you need to enter an intermediate state? In Tantric Buddhism, there is the idea that everyone who has died at some point experiences awakening and contemplates the clear light of the empty Dharma body. Consolidating this experience (which, according to tradition, almost no one succeeds in) means achieving Buddhahood and leaving samsara. Therefore, the yogi strives during his lifetime to enter the state of samadhi, the intermediate state, and try to achieve awakening in it.

Let us note that S. Grof describes similar experiences in his patients during transpersonal sessions.

Yoga of internal heat (chunda yoga, Tib. tummo) is especially popular in the Tibetan school of Kagyu-pa (kajud-pa). Typologically, it corresponds to the kundalini yoga of Shaivism, although it does not know the concept of kundalini shakti and its connection with Shiva-atman. Chunda yoga involves working with the chakras and nadis to sublimate internal energy (which is expressed externally in strong heating of the body) and transformation of consciousness.

The remaining types of Naropa yoga are much less known to researchers. Of particular interest, apparently, is dream yoga with its technique of “being awake in a dream,” which gradually turns into the ability to practice yoga in a dream. It is known that Chan (Zen) monks can also remain in constant contemplation (including in dreams).

One more point is important to note when talking about mahasiddhas. The tendency towards the substantialization of awakened consciousness, which we spoke about in relation to the theory of the Tathagatagarbha, finds its full completion in the texts associated with the names of the Mahasiddhas and in the later tantras, which, obviously, is also due to the convergence of Hindu and Buddhist yoga in psychotechnical (and not doctrinal) oriented Indian Vajrayana tradition. The non-dual dharmakaya is often described in them in the same terms as the divine atman of the Upanishads and Gita, and sometimes directly named after Hindu gods (Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, etc.). Therefore, it is not surprising that the official cult of medieval Indonesia, which was influenced by both Hindu Shaivism and Tantric Buddhism, was the cult of the one and absolute God - Shiva Buddha. It took Tsongkhapa's enormous efforts to harmonize, within the framework of the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, the position of the tantras exclusively with the classical form of Madhyamika Prasangika, which was considered the highest philosophy in his Gelugpa school. In the old schools of Tibetan Buddhism (Sakya-pa, Kagyu-pa and especially Nyingma-pa), the original “convergent” character of the “theology” of the tantras was preserved in its more or less original form.

What catches your eye when reading tantric texts of the highest yoga? First of all, these are the motives of sinful, criminal and terrible, used in a positive sense, the themes of adultery, incest, murder, theft and other vices - all this is recommended for a true yogi to commit, everything that, it would seem, is so contrary to the very spirit of Buddhism, is always preaching moral purity, compassion and abstinence. And suddenly - statements that the path to satisfy all passions is identical to the path to suppress them, suddenly sermons delivered by Buddha-Bhagavan, who resides in the yoni, the “lotus” of the female genital organs, sermons from which bodhisattvas listening to them faint, because These sermons are filled with calls to kill parents and teachers, commit acts of the most monstrous incest, eat not only animal meat, but also indulge in cannibalism, as well as make offerings to the Buddha with meat, blood and sewage.

What's behind all this? Have some “Satanists” taken possession of the image of the gentle Buddha to seduce living beings from the path of liberation? Or is it something else? But what?

First of all, it should be noted that the method of tantras, although, according to tradition, leads to the same result as the method of sutras of the classical Mahayana, nevertheless, in its nature it is directly opposite to it. Mahayana (and Hinayana) worked primarily with consciousness, with that thin and superficial layer of the psyche that is characteristic of a person and is closely related to the type of civilizational development of a particular society and its level. And only gradually the enlightening influence of Mahayana methods affects the deeper layers and layers of the psyche, transforming them. Vajrayana is a different matter. She directly began to work with the dark abysses of the subconscious and unconscious, using its crazy surreal images to quickly uproot the very roots of affects: passions, drives (sometimes pathological), attachments - which may not have been realized by the practitioner himself. Then only came the turn of consciousness, transforming following the cleansing of the dark depths of the subconscious. A major role in determining the guru of a specific practice for each student was played by clarifying the basic affect (klesha) for his psyche; whether it is anger, passion, ignorance, pride or envy. Therefore, the texts of the Diamond Chariot tirelessly repeat that affects should not be suppressed and destroyed, but recognized and transformed, transubstantiated into awakened consciousness, just as in the process of alchemical transmutation the alchemist turns iron and lead into gold and silver. Thus, the tantric yogi himself turns out to be such an alchemist, healing the psyche by transforming defilement and passions into the pure wisdom of a Buddha. And if the basis for the transmutation of metals is a certain primordial matter that forms the nature of both iron and gold, then the basis for the transformation of passions and drives into the wisdom of a Buddha is the nature of a Buddha, which is the nature of the psyche as such and which is present in any, even the most base mental act, just like how water makes up the nature of both the sea wave and any, even the most polluted body of water: after all, this dirt has nothing to do with the nature of the water itself, which is always clean and transparent. The Tibetan Dzog-Cheng tradition calls this nature of consciousness “consciousness” (Chittatva, sems-nyid) as opposed to simply psyche or consciousness (Chitta, seme); in the Chinese Chan tradition, this same essence is called the nature of consciousness (xin xing), which is revealed in the act of seeing nature (jian xing, Japanese kensho). Its essence is pure and non-dual gnosis (jnana, Tib. rig-pa or yeshes, kit. zhi).

And here Vajrayana adherents find themselves in complete agreement with one of the main postulates of Mahayana philosophy - the doctrine of the identity and non-duality of samsara and nirvana.

Further, all tantric texts are highly symbolic, semiotic and are not at all designed for literal understanding (let’s not forget that we are talking about a secret teaching that is dangerous for laymen). Much of their interpretation depends on the level at which the text is being interpreted. Thus, on one level, the requirement to kill parents may mean the eradication of kleshas and the dualistic vision of reality, which serve as parents for a samsaric being, and on another, it may mean stopping the movement of energy flows in the spinal column by holding the breath in the process of yogic practice of tantras. The same is true for other metaphors of crime (cf. the phrase from Pasalm 136 “On the Rivers of Babylon”: “And Your babies will dash against the stone”, where the Orthodox Church understands sins by “babies”).

Particular attention should be paid to the sexual symbolism of the tantras, which is so obvious that it has even become associated among Europeans with the word “tantrism” itself.

On the one hand, it is not at all surprising that tantric yogis working with the subconscious paid special attention to sexuality (libido) as the basis of the very energy of a person’s psychosomatic integrity. On the other hand, adherents of the Diamond Chariot correlated sexual images of the subconscious with the main provisions of the Mahayana doctrine. Let us recall that, according to the teachings of the Mahayana, the awakened consciousness is born (without being born) from the combination of the skillful methods of the bodhisattva saving living beings, his great compassion (karuna; ritual symbol - the scepter-vajra) with wisdom, intuitive comprehension of emptiness as the nature of all phenomena (prajna ; ritual symbol - bell). This integration of compassion and wisdom gave rise to awakening (bodhi). Therefore, nothing interfered with the tantric tradition, but on the contrary, it was in the best harmony with its guidelines to correlate compassion and method with the masculine, active principle, and wisdom with the feminine, passive principle, and to metaphorically represent awakening, the acquisition of Buddhahood in the form of male and female beings in intercourse figures of deity-symbols. Thus, tantric images of combining deities are nothing more than metaphorical images of the unity of compassion-method and wisdom, generating awakening as the highest wholeness, the integration of the psyche (yuga-naddha).

Science has long been faced with the question of whether there were real rituals in tantric practice that presupposed physical intimacy between the men and women participating in them, who identified themselves with “karuna” and “prajna,” respectively, or whether these rituals were always of a purely internal, contemplative nature . It seems that there can be no unambiguous answer to this question. It is possible that in the early, “dissident” period of the development of the Vajrayana, yogis (who did not take monastic vows) actually practiced sexual rituals, which, however, required the obligatory entry of partners into a state of self-deepening and identification with deities. Later, when tantric yoga became an integral part of Buddhist practice in monasteries (especially in Tibet and especially after Tsongkhapa’s reforms), such rituals were completely abandoned, content with their recreation in contemplation through the practice of visualization and self-identification with the visualized object. But in any case, tantric yoga is by no means a sex technique preached by numerous tantric charlatans, and not a way of obtaining pleasure through mystical eroticism (although tantra places special emphasis on bliss, sukha, higher states and sometimes equates pleasure and psychotechnics, Skt. bhoga and yoga), but a very complex system of working with the psyche, with the subconscious to realize the religious ideal of Buddhism - psychotechnics, which includes a kind of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.

Here it is appropriate to point out one significant difference between Buddhist Tantrism and Shaivist Tantrism. In Buddhism, the feminine principle is prajna, that is, wisdom, intuition of reality as it is and understanding of the nature of samsara as essentially empty states of consciousness; Prajna is passive. In Shaivism, the feminine principle is shakti, that is, strength, energy, unity with which joins the world-creating power of God; shakti is by definition active. The Buddhist-Hindu convergence, however, went so far that in the latest tantras (for example, in the Kalachakra Tantra, 10th century) the concept of “shakti” appears, which had not previously been used in Buddhist tantras.

Tantric Buddhism brought into being a new pantheon of deities unknown to other forms of Buddhism. When a Buddhist icon depicts a multi-armed and multi-headed deity, hung with skulls, often clutching his prajna in his arms, then this is an icon of tantric Buddhism. What is the religious meaning of such images?

Just as the sexual symbolism of the tantras had its prototype in the archaic fertility cults (apparently of Dravidian origin) of ancient India, which were radically rethought by Buddhism and became, in essence, derivatives of archaic cults and images, being included in the system of Buddhist philosophy and psychology, tantric the pantheon was also largely rooted in the cults of archaic deities, the veneration of which was largely preserved in the lower classes and castes of Indian society and beyond among the pariahs (Dombi, Chandala). Who are all these tantric yoginis (witches, demons) and dakinis, magical maidens, teaching adepts the highest secrets in cemeteries among skeletons and cremation ashes? By their origin, these are very unattractive bloodsucking vampires (their fangs are also visible on Tibetan tanka icons), ghouls and demons of the lowest layer of Indian mythology. But don’t their grotesque and terrible images best correspond to the surreal creations of the liberated and raging subconscious? Or doesn’t the transformation of a bloodsucker werewolf into a bearer of the secrets of the path to liberation best symbolize the idea of ​​the omnipresence and universality of Buddha nature, which forms the essence of even vicious psychic impulses? Buddhist yogis also did not miss the opportunity to slightly shock the monastic elite by venerating such images. In general, it should be said that Vajrayana, using the form and appearance of objects of ancient cults and folk beliefs and superstitions, radically rethought their content, transforming primitive demons and imps into symbols of certain mental states, which turned them into artificially constructed archetypes or, more precisely, into artificially constructed images of archetypes of the unconscious. A special class of tantric deities are the so-called tutelary deities (ishta devata, Tib. yidam). These deities, many-armed and many-headed, with many attributes, are the most complex psychological archetypal symbols, denoting higher states of consciousness. Essentially, the teaching of any tantra, its highest goal is awakening, and the methods it offers can be visually represented in the form of the image of a yidam. Therefore, their names usually coincide with the names of the tantras: Hevajra (Yamantaka), Kalachakra, Guhyasamaja, etc. Thus, the yidams symbolize perfect awakening and therefore, in their status, correspond to the Buddhas, identical to them. Their menacing appearance, bared fangs and other warlike attributes, in addition to the high psychological meaning, demonstrate their readiness to destroy all vices and passions, turning them into blood - awakening and wine - amrita (elixir of immortality), filling channels, bowls from skulls, on many tantric icons. In the process of tantric contemplation, a yogi who knows the corresponding text by heart and owns the dharani encoding it, as well as having the necessary initiations, visualizes a certain deity (yidam), identifies himself with him, transferring his attributes to himself, and ultimately achieves the state of awakening, which is given the deity in this tantric system symbolizes.

One of the main provisions of the Vajrayana is the thesis of non-duality, the identity of body and consciousness. In general, consciousness occupies a central place in the Vajrayana teachings: both samsara and nirvana are nothing more than two different states of the same consciousness; awakening is comprehension of the nature of consciousness as such. And this consciousness is declared to be non-dual (advaya) with the body and consubstantial with the latter. This naturally follows the desire of the tantric yogi to work not just with consciousness, but with the psychophysical whole of his body, which is non-dual in nature. Therefore, working with various psychophysical and energetic structures of the body plays an important role in the methods of the Diamond Chariot. According to tantric paraphysiology (we talked about it earlier, in connection with Shaivist yoga), the body, at its subtle, energetic level, is endowed with special channels (nadis) through which energy (prana) circulates. Three channels are considered the most important. In Buddhist tantra they are called: avadhuti (it runs in the center along the spinal column and is similar to the Hindu sushumna), lalana and rasana, running to the right and left of avadhuti and symbolizing the method - compassion and wisdom (the ida and nourishment of Hindu tantra). The yogi strives to introduce the energy flows of the side channels into the inactive central channel, to fuse them into a single whole and thus obtain the elixir of awakening, which he directs to the brain.

Exercises of this kind require certain preparation, training in motor and especially breathing exercises, as well as the ability to visualize the channel system. This practice, like a similar Hindu one, also includes exercises with the chakras. In Buddhist tantra, three chakras are most often used, correlating with the three bodies of the Buddha, as well as with the thought, speech and body of the Buddhas (body - upper, brain center, nirmanakaya; speech - throat center, sambhogakaya; thought - heart center, dharmakaya). It is interesting that, unlike Hinduism, the highest state is associated here not with the head (sahasrara), but with the heart (anahata) center. An interesting parallel here may be the “mental prayer” of the Byzantine hesychasts, pronounced precisely from the heart.

Chakras and their elements correspond to certain seed mantras (bija mantra), the lettering of which can be visualized by the yogi in the corresponding centers (the size, thickness and color of the letters are strictly regulated).

Opening the chakras (their activation), it is believed, and generally working with the energy of the body leads to the yogi mastering various superpowers (called riddhi in Buddhism): the ability to fly, become invisible, etc. About the great Tibetan yogi and poet Milarepa (XI-XII centuries) there is, for example, a legend that he took refuge from a thunderstorm in a hollow horn thrown on the road, and the horn did not become larger, but Milarepa did not become smaller. It is believed that a yogi can even make his body immortal, so that, fulfilling the bodhisattva vow, he can remain with people and instruct them for an entire world period. Thus, among the elderly lamas of Buryatia, until recently there was a legend that the famous yogi and mahasiddha Saraha (VII century?) visited one of the Buryat monasteries in the 20s of our century. And although the Vajrayana teaches the yogi to look at all such powers and abilities as empty and illusory in nature, among the people the reputation of miracle workers and wizards is firmly established for the adherents of the Diamond Chariot.

The structure of tantric yoga is not precisely defined; rather, it can be said that each text offered its own path structure. Thus, “Hevajra Tantra” (and “Candamaharoshana Tantra”) speaks of six stages of yoga: 1) withdrawal of the senses from their objects (pratyahara), 2) contemplation (dhyana), 3) control of breathing (pranayama), 4) concentration of attention (dharana), 5) fullness of awareness-remembering (anusmriti), 6) concentration (samadhi). The same text also recommends hatha yoga. Lal Mani Joshi remarks in this regard: “The method of esoteric union makes the yogi master not only his psychophysical complex in all its aspects, light and dark, good and evil, but also the visible and invisible entities and forces of the universe.”

The tantric element actually became the leading one in late Indian Buddhism in the 8th–12th centuries. and was inherited in the same status by the Tibetan tradition that was formed simultaneously. On the contrary, in the Far East tantra has received very little distribution (although its role in Chinese Buddhist culture is beginning to be overestimated); even in Japan (Shingon school), where, thanks to the educational activities of Kukai (Kobo Daishi, 774–835), Vajrayana (at the level of yoga tantras) became more widespread, its influence cannot be compared with the influence of such movements as the Pure Land , the teachings of Nichiren or Zen. This is explained by the fact that Chinese Buddhism had almost completed its formation by the time the Vajrayana began to flourish, as well as by the occupation of the cultural niche of Tantrism in China by Taoism. Nevertheless, Vajrayana remains extremely relevant for Central Asian Buddhism and a very interesting religious phenomenon for religious studies.

Above we talked about some specific features of tantric practice: the use of images of the criminal and terrible (murder, incest, etc.), ritual (whether real or imaginary) use of blood and impurities, etc. The role of these components of tantric practice has It makes sense to dwell in more detail, comparing it with some aspects of the marginal religious beliefs of the medieval West, namely with ideas about the devil’s Sabbath. Such a comparison is desirable and important for two reasons: firstly, the coven reveals on a surface level a number of parallels with tantric images and symbols, and when comparing the symbols of these two types, the nature of tantric practice appears much clearer; secondly, S. Grof shows that visions of a satanic Sabbath are quite common during experiences of the BPM III stage in transpersonal sessions, which also in the mode of comparing the Sabbath with tantra makes it possible to understand the psychological meaning of the latter. So, first let's say a few words about the images of the Sabbath in the context of psychological research by transpersonal psychologists.

The Sabbath archetype, available in transpersonal experiences, had precedents in the European Middle Ages, when "witches" used psychoactive compounds that included belladonna, henbane, datura and mandrake, also adding animal ingredients such as the skin of toads and salamanders. These compounds contain the potent psychoactive alkaloids atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine, and the toad's skin secretes the psychedelics dimethylserotonin and bufotenine.

In S. Grof’s sessions, visions of the “sabbath” type were associated with the BPM III complex of experiences. The sexual element of the Sabbath is presented in sadomasochistic, incestuous and bestial forms. The head of the coven is the devil in the form of a huge black goat named Master Leonard. He deflowers virgins with a huge scaly phallus, copulates with all witches indiscriminately, accepts kisses on the anus and encourages coven members to wild incestuous orgies involving mothers and sons, fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters.

The devil's feast at the Sabbath includes substances eaten by participants in this action, such as menstrual blood, sperm, excrement and cut fetuses, seasoned with spices. A characteristic aspect of the Sabbath is blasphemy, ridicule and perversion of Christian liturgical symbolism, especially the sacraments of baptism and communion.

All this has parallels in tantric practice. Master Leonard doesn't look any more intimidating than most tantric yids. As for incest or dishes consumed at the Sabbath, they have direct analogues in tantric texts. And finally, the blasphemous parody of Christian shrines is quite consistent with the offering of impurities to the Buddhas in the Vajrayana ritual and ridicule of the norms of monastic behavior.

An important part of the Sabbath ceremony is the renunciation of Christ and all Christian symbols by the participants. In the context of the experiences of BPM III, this means a refusal to transition from BPM IV with its experience of purifying death-rebirth, and in a religious context, a refusal of eternal salvation and the incessant repetition of their terrible actions (in a perinatal context, a refusal of archetypal unfolding and a fixation in the pangs of childbirth ). Here the temptation to release all forbidden internal impulses in a hellish orgy triumphs and from being a victim of evil to becoming evil oneself.

It is at this point that the fundamental and even diametrical difference between tantric symbolism and the satanic symbolism of the Sabbath is rooted. Tantra also strives to release the internal impulses of evil, but not for enslavement by them, but for liberation from them. If for a coven participant they are valuable in themselves, then for a tantric yogi they are completely devalued. The tantric yogi consciously uses the “devilish” images of the repressed subconscious and releases them not for cultivation, but for liberation from them through their awareness and transformation. Psychologically, this means accelerated psychotherapeutic elimination of both the complexes described by S. Freud and the BPM complexes (complexes of perinatal origin) and the transition to higher transpersonal states that have become accessible to a consciousness cleared of filth. Here, as it were, the devil is used to achieve the divine (cf. the statements of medieval theologians that God can force Satan to serve his purposes). And if the Satanist at the Sabbath renounces Christ (salvation), then the tantric yogi performs all forms of his practice (sadhana) “to achieve Buddhahood for the benefit of all living beings.” And it is precisely this attitude (bodhichitta) that is an indispensable precondition for practicing tantric psychotechnics - yoga.

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83. Tantric Buddhism 83. TANTRIC BUDDHISM. The direction of Buddhism, the formation of which dates back to the 3rd century. Other names: Vajrayana (Diamond Path, Diamond Chariot), Mantrayana (Vehicle of Secret Words, Chariot of Mantras), Guhya Mantrayana (Secret Path of Mantras),

Hello, dear readers!

Nowadays, Buddhism is becoming more and more widespread in our country. For the first time, many people encounter diverse information about it that is not always clear to inexperienced beginners. The practice of Vajrayana is something that will undoubtedly interest the inquisitive reader, and we will try to talk about it in a simple and understandable form.

Directions of Buddhism

The emergence of Buddhism dates back to around the 5th century of the first millennium BC. It belongs to one of the three world religions, which means that any person can profess it, no matter where he lives, what his nationality is and what race he is. As with any faith, Buddhism has its own directions.

In accordance with the chronology of occurrence, three main trends can be distinguished:

• Hinayana or Theravada
• Mahayana
• Vajrayana

Strictly speaking, Vajrayana arose as an offshoot of Mahayana, not contradicting it in philosophy, but having its own approach and methods of meditation.

The relationship between the names and the essence of the doctrine

Let's look at the names of this movement to better understand what it is. The word “vajra” in Sanskrit means “diamond”, “yana” means a chariot, a path. In another way, Vajrayana is also called the “Diamond Chariot,” which symbolizes the inviolability of the awakened consciousness. It itself, that is, enlightenment, is like a flash of lightning or a clap of thunder.

This is associated with the original meaning of the word “vajra” - “a special weapon made from the thick above-ground part of a tree trunk above the roots - the butt - with sharp pieces of roots spread out to the sides.” The scepter of the Indian Zeus - Indra was also called. One of the ritual Buddhist objects - the vajra - now has the same shape, but without a handle.

Since reading mantras plays a huge role in Vajrayana, this direction is also often called Mantrayana. There are a great many mantras, but there are especially effective, so powerful secret mantras that they were hidden from ordinary people for a long time.

First of all, this is the Padmanentra mantra, which leads to the fulfillment of any desire; Vajrachakra mantra, eliminating laziness; Manibhadra mantra that brings wealth into the life of an adept.

It is believed that repeated recitation of mantras leads to the achievement of enlightenment. One of the famous teachers, Padmasambhava, passed on the golden mantra to his followers:

"Om A Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum."

It is considered golden because thanks to it, envy, pride, anger, disgust, desires, attachments, unwanted emotions, ignorance no longer darken the spirit; mind, speech and body become enlightened.

Vajrayana is also called Tantrayana, since knowledge is transmitted from teacher to student in the form of tantras - texts that have ambiguous interpretation. Buddhist Tantrism therefore presupposes an initiation, during which a teacher or guru, who has already achieved enlightenment, as necessary, explains the correct pronunciation of sounds to the student and gives him other instructions.

Otherwise, the guru is called “lama”, hence another name for Buddhism accepted in Europe – Lamaism. It is widespread in Tibet, where it came from India, in Mongolia, Japan, Nepal, Russia, Europe, America and other places. The spiritual leader of Buddhism today is the 14th Dalai Lama.

What are the main ideas of this direction? All the variety of Vajrayana names does not change the main thing:

“The methods used in Vajrayana serve one purpose: to become a Buddha by living one or more lifetimes to help all living things in need of compassion.”

Vajrayana Basics

A student who is going to practice Vajrayana must understand the emptiness of everything around him, that is, its lack of independence, and its appearance only in connection with other things. He must be motivated by compassion and have purity of vision, that is, have a calm mind so that he can see clearly.

The three roots of this practice are dakini, guru, yidam.

Dakinis, or “those who walk across the sky,” are one of the roots of the Vajrayana. They are enlightened feminine beings who patronize yogis and keep secret knowledge and practices. Some believe that dakinis are various forms of energy in personified form.

An ideal teacher - a guru - is considered to be one who has reached the pinnacle of spiritual perfection and can now pass on his skills and the essence of his teaching, and teach various psychotechnical techniques to his students.

Establishing spiritual unity with the chosen teacher, its strengthening and development is very important, therefore, traditionally, students observe their teacher for several years to make sure that they can completely trust him. After which the teacher checks the student for readiness to follow the proposed methods.

A significant role is played by the “yidam”, who represents the supreme being chosen by the adept himself. The yogi chooses it based on his needs, either himself or, in most cases, with the help of a teacher, so that the yidam helps him become a Buddha. By contemplating it, or using the method of visualization, one who strives to achieve perfection transforms his spirit, turning into an enlightened deity.

To enlighten the body, bodily exercises are used, to enlighten speech - repeated repetition of mantras, and the mind is enlightened by visualization or contemplation of enlightened yids and mandalas. This is how the trinity of mind, speech and body is realized in Buddhism.

Conclusion

With this we say goodbye for now. Friends, if you liked this article, share it on social networks.

At the beginning of the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. in Mahayana Buddhism, a new direction, or Yana (“Vehicle”), is gradually emerging and being formed, called Vajrayana, or Tantric Buddhism; this direction can be considered the final stage in the development of Buddhism in its homeland - India.

Here we must immediately say that the word “tantra” itself does not in any way characterize the specifics of this new type of Buddhism. “Tantra” (like sutra) is simply a type of text that may not have anything “tantric” in it. If the word "sutra" means "thread" on which something is strung, then the word "tantra", derived from the root "tan" (to pull, stretch) and the suffix "tra", means the basis of the fabric; that is, as in the case of sutras, we are talking about certain basic texts that serve as the basis, the core. Therefore, although the followers of Tantrism themselves talk about the “path of the sutras” (Hinayana and Mahayana) and the “path of mantras,” they nevertheless prefer to call their teaching Vajrayana, contrasting it not with the Mahayana (the tantras always emphasize that the Vajrayana is the “path”, yana , inside the Mahayana), but to the classical Mahayana path of gradual improvement, the so-called Paramitayana, that is, the Path of Paramita, or perfections that lead to That Shore. That is, the Vajrayana is opposed precisely to the Paramitayana, and not to the Mahayana, which includes both the Paramitayana (the achievement of Buddhahood in three innumerable kalpas) and the Vajrayana (the achievement of Buddhahood in one life, “in this body”).

The word vajra, included in the name “Vajrayana,” was originally used to designate the thunder scepter of the Indian Zeus, the Vedic god Indra, but gradually its meaning changed. The fact is that one of the meanings of the word “vajra” is “diamond”, “adamant”. Within Buddhism, the word “vajra” began to be associated, on the one hand, with the initially perfect nature of awakened consciousness, like an indestructible diamond, and on the other, with awakening itself, enlightenment, like an instantaneous clap of thunder or a flash of lightning. The ritual Buddhist vajra, like the ancient vajra, is a type of scepter that symbolizes awakened consciousness, as well as compassion and skillful means. Prajna and emptiness are symbolized by the ritual bell. The union of the vajra and bell in the ritually crossed hands of the priest symbolizes awakening as a result of the integration of wisdom and method, emptiness and compassion. Therefore, the word Vajrayana can be translated as "Diamond Vehicle".

It should immediately be said that with regard to the aspect of wisdom (prajna), Vajrayana does not imply practically anything new in comparison with the classical Mahayana and is based on its philosophical teachings - Madhyamaka, Yogacara and the theory of Tathagatagarbha. All the originality of the Diamond Chariot is associated with its methods (upaya), although the purpose of using these methods is still the same - achieving Buddhahood for the benefit of all living beings. Vajrayana claims that the main advantage of its method is its extreme efficiency, “instantaneity,” allowing a person to become a Buddha within one life, and not three immeasurable (asankheya) world cycles - kalpas. Consequently, an adept of the tantric path can quickly fulfill his bodhisattva vow - to become a Buddha for the deliverance of all beings drowning in the swamp of the cyclical existence of birth and death. At the same time, Vajrayana mentors always emphasized that this path is also the most dangerous, similar to a direct ascent to the top of a mountain along a rope stretched over all mountain gorges and abysses. The slightest mistake on this path will lead the unlucky yogi to madness or birth in a special “vajra hell”. The guarantee of success on this dangerous path is adherence to the bodhisattva ideal and the desire to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible in order to quickly gain the ability to save living beings from the suffering of samsara. If a yogi enters the Chariot of Thunder for the sake of his own success, in pursuit of magical powers and power, his final defeat and spiritual degradation are inevitable.

Therefore, tantric texts were considered sacred, and the beginning of practice in the Vajrayana system presupposed receiving special initiations and corresponding oral instructions and explanations from a teacher who had achieved the realization of the Path. In general, the role of the teacher, guru, in tantric practice is extremely large, and sometimes young adepts spent a lot of time and made enormous efforts to find a worthy mentor. Due to this intimacy of Vajrayana practice, it was also called the Vehicle of Secret Tantra or simply the secret (esoteric) teaching (Chinese mi jiao).

All tantras, that is, doctrinal texts of the Vajrayana, which, like sutras, are instructions put by the authors of the tantras into the mouth of the Buddha himself - Bhagavan, were divided into four classes: kriya tantras (purification tantras), charya tantras (action tantras), yoga-tantras. tantras (yogic tantras) and anuttara yoga tantras (tantras of the highest yoga), and the last, or highest, class was also divided into mother tantras (if they emphasized wisdom - prajna and the feminine principle), father tantras (if they had a special importance was attached to the method - upaya and the masculine principle) and non-dual tantras (if these two principles played the same role). There were also some specific classifications. Thus, the Tibetan school of Nyingma Pa called Anuttara Yoga Great Yoga (Maha Yoga) and supplemented the standard classification with two more types of yoga: Anu Yoga (primordial yoga), which involved working with the “subtle” (energy) psychophysiological centers of the body (chakras and nadis ), and [maha] ati-yoga ([great] perfect yoga, or Dzog-chen). True, it should be added that the final standard classification of tantras was established quite late, not earlier than the 11th century, and not in India, but in Tibet (it is possible that its author was Bromtonpa, 992-1074, a student of the famous Buddhist preacher in the Land of Snows, Atisha ).

Each type of tantra had its own methods: in the Kriya Tantras, external forms of practice predominate, primarily various mystical rituals, in the Charya Tantras elements of internal, contemplative practice appear, in the Yoga Tantras it predominates, and the Anutara Yoga Tantras already exclusively relate to the internal psychopractice. However, anuttara yoga tantras also have a number of very specific features that quite clearly distinguish this type of tantric texts from texts of other classes.

The main methods offered by the first three classes of tantras can be reduced to the performance of special rituals-liturgies with complex symbolic meaning and to the practice of mantras, the technique of visualization (mental reproduction of images) of deities and contemplation of mandalas.

The practice of reciting mantras is so important in Vajrayana that it is often even called Mantrayana - the Vehicle of Mantras (sometimes this name is applied to the practice of the first three categories of tantras). Strictly speaking, the practice of reciting mantra prayers is well known in classical Mahayana. However, the nature of Mahayana prayers and tantric mantras is completely different. Mahayana mantras are usually designed to understand the immediate meaning of their constituent words and sentences. The sound combinations that form these mantras, such as om, hum, ah, hri, and the like, have no dictionary meaning. They are designed for the direct impact of their sound, the sound vibrations themselves and the modulations of the voice when pronounced on the consciousness and psychophysical parameters of the yogi repeating them. Pronouncing mantras also implies contemplative concentration and understanding of the internal (esoteric) meaning of the mantra and its impact. Often written texts of mantras (sometimes visualized on certain parts of the body) can also be contemplated, and a certain color, size, thickness and other parameters of the contemplated letters are set. Kukai (Kobo Daishi), the founder of the Japanese tantric school Shingon (774-835), simultaneously became the creator of the Japanese national alphabet precisely because of the tantric interest in sound and its graphic fixation. The practice of tantric mantras also involved receiving a special initiation, which was accompanied by an explanation of the correct pronunciation of a particular sound.

The technique of visualizing deities is also extremely developed in Vajrayana. A practicing yogi must learn to imagine this or that Buddha or bodhisattva not just as some kind of image, but as a living person with whom one can even talk. Usually the visualization of deities is accompanied by the recitation of mantras dedicated to him.

Mandala (lit.: “circle”) is a complex three-dimensional (although there are also icons depicting mandalas) model of the psychocosm in the aspect of the awakened consciousness of a particular Buddha or bodhisattva (his image is usually placed in the center of the mandala). The yogi visualizes the mandala, builds, as it were, an internal mandala in his consciousness, which is then combined with the external mandala by an act of projection, transforming the world around the yogi into the divine world, or rather, changing the yogi’s consciousness in such a way that it begins to unfold at a different level, corresponding to the level of deployment consciousness of the deity of the mandala; it is no longer a “world of dust and dirt,” but a Pure Land, a “Buddha Field.” In passing, we note that there were even grandiose temple complexes built in the shape of a mandala. According to many researchers, this is, for example, the famous Indonesian monastery of Borobudur, which is a giant mandala in stone.

It is difficult to say when for the first time the elements of tantric practice, which existed in Buddhism since ancient times, began to take shape in a special yogic system - Vajrayana. Apparently, this process begins in the 4th - 5th centuries. In any case, by the 8th century all forms of methods described in the tantras of the first three classes already existed (in the first quarter of the 8th century they were already beginning to be preached in China). In the middle of the 8th century, the emergence of tantras of the highest yoga (anutara yoga tantra) and corresponding forms of practice began. If we talk about the place where Tantric Buddhism appeared, then it most likely was South or East India (perhaps this is the area where the famous Dhanyataka stupa was located - now the village of Amaravati in the Guntur district of Andhrapradesh state, but the genesis of Vajrayana in Indian lands such as Orissa or Bengal, is also not excluded; subsequently Vajrayana especially flourished in Kamarupa - Assam).

Now a little about the history of the Vajrayana. Historically, Buddhism was largely formed within the framework of a protest of living religious and moral feelings against frozen Brahmanical dogmatism and ritualism, against the snobbish pride of the “twice-born.” But by the time of the appearance of the Diamond Chariot, Buddhism itself, as a widespread and prosperous religion, had its own external piety, enchanted by its righteousness and virtues acquired within the walls of monasteries; A monastic elite arose, replacing the spirit of the teachings of the Awakened One with scrupulous adherence to the letter of monastic rules and formal regulations. This gradual fading of the living religious impulse prompted a number of followers of Buddhism to challenge the traditional monastic way of life in the name of reviving the spirit of the Buddha's teachings, contrary to all formalism and dogmatic deadness and based on direct psychotechnical experience. This tendency found its highest expression in the images of mahasiddhas (“great perfect ones”), people who preferred the experience of individual hermitage and yogic perfection to monastic isolation. In the images of the Mahasiddhas (Tilopa, Naropa, Maripa, etc.) there is a lot that is grotesque, foolish, and sometimes shocking to the average man in the street with his popular ideas about holiness and piety.

Here is a very typical example from the “Biographies of the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas,” compiled at the turn of the 11th - 12th centuries by the “great guru from Champara” - the tantrik Abhayadatta:

“Virupa practiced yoga for twelve years and achieved siddhi (perfection). One day a novice bought wine and meat and brought it to him; after that Virupa began to catch pigeons and eat them. When the pigeons were gone, the monks became interested: “Which of us eats pigeons? A monk should not do this." The monks examined the cells, including Virupa’s cell. Looking out the window, they just saw him eating pigeon meat, washing it down with wine. At the next meeting, it was decided to expel Virupa from the monastery. On the day of his exile, he offered his monastic robe and begging bowl to the image of the Buddha, bowed and left. One of the last monks on the road asked him: “Where will you go now?” Virupa replied: “You have driven me out, so what do you care now where I go?” Not far from the monastery there was a large lake. Virupa picked a lotus flower and offered it to Buddha. Then, near the shore of the lake, he stood on a lotus leaf and walked through the water to the other shore. Those who were in Somapuri were filled with remorse and regret. They bowed to Virupa and, grabbing his knees, turned to him and began to ask him: “Why did you kill the birds?” “I didn’t kill anyone,” Virupa answered and asked the novice to bring scraps. When the master snapped his fingers, the feathers turned into doves, even more beautiful and well-fed than before, and everyone around was witnesses to this.

Since then, Virupa left the monastic community and began to lead the life of a wandering yogi. One day Virupa came to the banks of the Ganges and asked the local goddess for food and drink, but she did not give him anything. Then the angry Teacher parted the waters and crossed to the other side.

Once in Kanasati, Virupa bought wine in a tavern. The maid served him wine and rice cakes, which he really liked. He feasted for two days on end, and the sun did not move. Then the king of those places, puzzled by this circumstance, demanded to know who had performed this miracle. The sun goddess appeared to the king in a dream and said: “The wandering yogi left me as a pawn to the maid from the tavern.” After some time, when the king and his retinue paid for the wine drunk by Virupa, whose debt had already reached fabulous proportions, he disappeared.

After this, he went to the country of Indra, where the pagans lived. There stood, for example, a forty-meter-tall image of Shiva in the form of the “Great Lord,” Maheshvara. Virupa was asked to bow to him, but he replied: “The elder brother should not bow to the younger.” The king and his entourage shouted that they would execute Virupa if he did not bow down immediately. “I can’t - it would be a great sin,” Virupa said. “Let your “sin” fall on me!” - the king laughed.

When the Teacher folded his hands and fell on his face, the huge statue split in half and a voice was heard: “I submit to you!” After the oath, the colossus again became whole, as it had been before. The local residents gave Virupa all the gifts offered to the statue of Shiva and became Buddhists. They say that some of these gifts have survived to this day.”

The Mahasiddhas were, first of all, practitioners, yogis, who were interested precisely in the speedy achievement of a religious goal, and not in the scholastic subtleties of interpretation of the Dharma and the endless discussions about them in monastic centers that became an end in themselves. Yogis - mahasiddhas did not bind themselves by taking formal vows, led a free lifestyle and even outwardly, with their long hair (and sometimes beards), differed from shaved monks (it is interesting that even now, during the performance of tantric rituals in the datsans of Mongolia and Buryatia, lamas monks put wigs with the characteristic hairstyle of Vajrayana yogis on their shaved or short-cropped heads, thus temporarily becoming like laymen). Having no dogmatic prejudices, they freely associated with fellow Hindu yogis who disdained the restrictions of Brahmanical orthodoxy, which led to an unlimited exchange of ideas and methods of yogic practice. Apparently, it was in this environment that the techniques and images characteristic of the tantras of the highest yoga class were formed (the heyday of the Mahasiddha movement - the 10th - 11th centuries), adopted much later and not entirely fully by monastic Buddhism.

Speaking about mahasiddhas, it is important to note one more point. The tendency towards the substantialization of awakened consciousness, which was discussed in connection with the theory of the Tathagatagarbha, finds its full completion in the texts associated with the names of the Mahasiddhas and in the later tantras, which is perhaps due to the convergence of Hindu and Buddhist yoga in a psychotechnically (rather than doctrinally) oriented Indian Vajrayana traditions.

What catches your eye when reading tantric texts of the highest yoga? First of all, these are the motives of the sinful, criminal and terrible, the themes of adultery, incest, murder, theft and even cannibalism repeated in positive contexts - all this is recommended for a true yogi to commit, everything that, it would seem, is completely opposite to the very spirit of Buddhism, which has always preached moral purity, compassion for all living things and abstinence. First of all, it should be said that although the method of the tantras leads, according to tradition, to the same result as the method of the sutras of the classical Mahayana, nevertheless, in its nature it is directly opposite to that. Mahayana (and Hinayana) primarily worked with consciousness, with that thin and superficial layer of the psyche that is characteristic of a person and is closely related to the type of civilizational development of a particular society and its level. And only gradually the enlightening effect of Mahayana methods affects the deeper layers and layers of the psyche, purifying and transforming them. Vajrayana is a different matter. She immediately began working with the dark depths of the unconscious, that “quiet pool” in which “devils roam,” using its crazy surreal images and archetypes to quickly uproot the very roots of affects: passions, drives (sometimes pathological), attachments - all that which may not have been realized by the practitioner himself, bombarding, however, his consciousness “from within.” Then only came the turn of consciousness, transforming after the cleansing of the dark depths of the subconscious.

A major role in determining the guru of a specific practice for each student was played by clarifying the basic affect (klesha) for his psyche: whether it is anger, passion, ignorance, pride or envy. Therefore, the texts of the Diamond Chariot tirelessly repeat that affects should not be eradicated or destroyed, but recognized and transformed, transubstantiated into awakened consciousness, just as in the process of alchemical transmutation the alchemist turns iron and lead into gold and silver. Thus, the tantric yogi himself turns out to be an alchemist (it is no coincidence that such famous mahasiddhas as Nagarjuna II and Saraha were considered alchemists), healing the psyche by transforming defilement and passions into the pure wisdom of the Buddha. And if the basis for the transmutation of metals is a certain primordial matter, which forms the nature of both iron and gold, then the basis for the transformation of passions and drives into the wisdom of the Buddha is buddhatva - the nature of the Buddha, which is the nature of the psyche and all its states and which is present in any, even the most base mental act, just as water remains wet both in a sea wave and in any dirty puddle: after all, this dirt has nothing to do with the nature of water, which is always wet, clean and transparent. As already stated, the Tibetan Dzogchen tradition calls this nature of consciousness “consciousness” as opposed to simply the psyche, or mind; in the Chinese-Far Eastern tradition, Chan (Zen) is called the “nature of Mind” (xin xing), which opens in the act of “seeing nature” (Chinese jian xing; Japanese kensho). Its essence is pure and non-dual, extra-subject-object gnosis (jnana; kit zhi, Tib. rig-pa or yeses).

And here the Vajrayana adherents find themselves in complete agreement with one of the fundamental postulates of the Mahayana - the doctrine of the identity and non-duality of samsara and nirvana.

Further, all tantric texts are highly symbolic, semiotic and are not at all designed for literal understanding (let’s not forget that we are talking about a secret teaching that is dangerous for laymen). Much of their interpretation depends on the level at which the text is being interpreted. Thus, on one level, the requirement to kill parents may mean the eradication of kleshas and a dualistic vision of reality, which serve as parents for a samsaric being, and on another, it may mean stopping the movement of energy flows (prana) in the spinal column by holding the breath during the yogic practice of tantras (cf. famous saying of the Chinese Chan monk Lin-chi, 9th century: “If you meet a Buddha, kill the Buddha, if you meet a Patriarch, kill the Patriarch,” aimed at eradicating authoritarian thinking and externalizing the truth, since, as Chan teaches, there is no Buddha except the Buddha in our own heart - mind). The same is true for other metaphors of crime (cf. the phrase from Psalm 136 “On the rivers of Babylon”: “Blessed is the man who will dash your babies against the stone,” where the Orthodox Church understands sins by “Babylonian babies”).

Particular attention should be paid to the sexual symbolism of the tantras, which is so obvious that Westerners even began to associate it with the word “tantrism” itself.

It is not at all surprising that tantric yogis working with the subconscious paid special attention to sexuality (libido) as the basis of the very energy of the body, which was considered as a microcosm - an exact homomorphic copy of the universe. In addition, the Vajrayana considered bliss and pleasure as the most important attribute of Buddha nature and even proclaimed the thesis about the identity of emptiness and bliss. And the pleasure of orgasm was considered by tantriks as the most adequate samsaric expression of this transcendental bliss. In the sexual yoga of tantra, orgasm had to be experienced as intensely as possible, used for psycho-practical purposes to stop conceptual thinking, mental construction, get rid of subject-object duality and move to the level of experiencing the absolute bliss of nirvana.

In addition, adherents of the Diamond Chariot correlated sexual images of the subconscious with the main provisions of the Mahayana doctrine. Let us recall that, according to the teachings of the Mahayana, the awakened consciousness is born (without being born at the same time) from the combination of the skilful method of the bodhisattva and his great compassion (karuna, its symbol is the scepter - vajra) and wisdom as a direct intuition of emptiness as the inner nature of all phenomena ( Prajna, its symbol is a bell). This integration of compassion/method and wisdom/emptiness (yuganaddha) is awakening (bodhi). Therefore, nothing prevented the tantric tradition from correlating compassion and method with the masculine, active principle, and wisdom with the feminine, passive, and metaphorically representing the awakening, the acquisition of Buddhahood in the form of male and female figures of deity-symbols in intercourse. Thus, tantric images of pairs of combining deities are nothing more than metaphorical images of the unity of compassion-method and emptiness-wisdom/bliss, generating in the ecstasy of love unity and pleasure, awakening as the highest totality, the integration of all psychosomatic aspects of the personality-microcosm.

If once in ancient times one bhikkhu, when asked if a woman had passed by, answered that a skeleton had passed by, but he did not know what gender this skeleton was, now in the Vajrayana gender differences become one of the pillars of the path to awakening. At the same time, both the ancient Hinayanist bhikkhu and the tantrik yogi proceeded from the actual Buddhist doctrinal principles, which once again demonstrates the extraordinary plasticity of Buddhism and its ability, while remaining itself, to occupy completely different positions within the framework of the basic paradigm. Therefore, it makes no sense to say which Buddhism is “correct” - Hinayan, which sees neither men nor women, but only walking skeletons, or Tantric, which makes human sexuality one of the methods (upaya) of achieving Buddhahood. Apparently, completely “correct” Buddhism (that is, corresponding to the original principles of the Dharma) is both.

Were there real rituals in tantric practice that presupposed the physical intimacy of the man (yogi) and woman (mudra) participating in them, who identified themselves with karuna and prajna, respectively, or did these rituals always have a purely internal, contemplative character? It is now quite clear that in the early period of the development of the Vajrayana, yogis who did not take monastic vows did indeed practice sexual rituals that required, as a necessary condition for their effectiveness, the self-identification of partners with deities. Sometimes sexual ritual was part of a tantric initiation (as in the case of the esoteric four higher initiations in the practice of Kalachakra tantra). Moreover, it was argued that some forms of tantric yoga, especially at the stage of completion of practice (utpanna krama, satpatti krama), necessarily require real intercourse with a partner (karma mudra), and not its meditative playback in the mind (jnana mudra). These rituals continued to be practiced later, including in Tibet, but only by yogis who did not take monastic vows. The practice of such rituals and yogic methods for monks was strictly prohibited as incompatible with the Vinaya, which was clearly stated by such authorities of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition as Atisha (XI century) and Tsongkhapa (XIV - XV centuries), but in no way condemning the methods themselves if they were practiced by lay yogis. But in any case, tantric yoga is by no means a sex technique preached by numerous tantric charlatans, and not a way of obtaining sensual pleasure through mystical eroticism, but a complex system of working with the psyche, with the subconscious for the realization of the religious ideal of Mahayana Buddhism - a psychotechnics that included a kind of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. It is important to note one more circumstance. For a long time it was believed that Vajrayana was completely masculine-dominated and that women were essentially simply used in tantric rituals for the benefit of male yogis. However, modern research, including the living tradition in the Himalayan region, has shown that many gurus were women, and many descriptions of tantric forms of practice - sadhanas - belong to women. Women were seen as the manifestation of the beginning of wisdom and often led in communities of tantric yogis.

Tantric Buddhism brought into being a new pantheon of deities unknown to other forms of Buddhism. The tantric pantheon was largely rooted in the cults of archaic deities, the veneration of which was largely preserved in the lower classes and castes of Indian society, as well as among the pariahs (Dombi, Chandala). By their origin, these are very unattractive bloodsucking vampires (their fangs are visible on Tibetan icons - tanka), ghouls and demons of the lower layer of Indian mythology. But don’t their terrible and grotesque images best correspond to the surreal creations of the liberated and raging subconscious? Or is it not the transformation of the bloodsucker werewolf into the bearer of the secrets of the path to liberation that best symbolizes the idea of ​​the omnipresence and universality of the Buddha’s nature, which forms the own nature of even the most vicious psychic impulses? In addition, it must be said that tantric Buddhist yogis did not miss the opportunity to slightly shock the monastic elite by venerating such images.

In general, it must be said that Vajrayana, using the appearance and form of objects of ancient cults and folk beliefs and superstitions, radically rethought their content, transforming primeval demons and imps into symbols of certain mental states, which turned them into artificially constructed images of archetypes of the collective unconscious.

A special class of tantric deities are the so-called “tutelary deities” (ishta devata; Tib. yidam). These deities, multi-armed and multi-headed, with many attributes, are the most complex archetypal symbols denoting the highest states of consciousness. Essentially the teaching of any tantra, its highest goal is awakening, and the methods it proposes can be visually represented in the image of the yidam. Therefore, the names of the yidams usually coincide with the names of the tantras: Hevajra (Yamantaka), Kalachakra, Guhyasamaja, Chakrasamvara, etc. Thus, the yidams symbolize perfect and complete awakening and therefore, in their status, correspond to the Buddhas and are identical to them. Their menacing appearance, bared fangs and other warlike attributes, in addition to the high psychological meaning, demonstrate their readiness to destroy all vices and passions, turning their blood into the wine of awakening and amrita (ambrosia, the drink of immortality), filling the drippings - bowls from skulls in many tantric icons In the process of yogic contemplation at the stage of generation (utpatti krama), the yogi, who knows the corresponding text by heart and owns the mantras and dharani encoding it, and has also received the necessary initiation, visualizes the corresponding deity, identifies himself with him, transferring his attributes to himself, and ultimately dissolves along with the yidam into the vastness of the empty “clear light” of Buddha nature, which is also his own nature.

The practice of contemplating the yidam reflects another important feature of tantric yoga - its desire to present abstract categories of Buddhist philosophy in the form of visual sensory images. Thus, in the course of tantric sadhanas, all categories of Abhidharma are represented in the form of figures of deities: five skandhas, transformed into five transcendental gnoses, are symbolized in the form of five Jinas (“Winners”), or Tathagatas - Vairocana, Amitabha, Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava and Amoghasiddhi; twelve ayatanas (sources of knowledge: six abilities of sensory perception - indriyas and six corresponding types of objects of sensory perception - vishaya) in the form of six syzygys of male and female bodhisattvas; kleshas (affects) - in the form of figures of people or demons, trampled under the feet of the yidam, etc.

A very important position of Vajrayana Buddhism is the thesis of non-duality, the identity of body and consciousness. In general, consciousness occupies a central place in the Vajrayana teachings: both samsara and nirvana are nothing more than two different states of the same consciousness; awakening is the comprehension of the nature of consciousness as such, that is, as empty and non-dual gnosis-bliss. And this consciousness is declared to be non-dichotomous, non-dual (advaya) with the body and consubstantial with the latter. From here comes the natural desire of a tantric yogi to work not just with consciousness, but with the psychophysical whole of his body, which is non-dual in nature. Therefore, an important place in the methods of the Diamond Chariot (especially at the completion stage - utpanna krama, or satpatti krama) is occupied by work with various psychophysical energy (“subtle”) structures of the body recognized by the Indian tradition. According to tantric paraphysiology (it is recognized in general terms by Hindu tantriks), the body at the “subtle” level is endowed with special channels (nadis) through which vital energy (prana) circulates. Three of these channels are considered the most important. In Buddhist tantra they are called: avadhuti (it goes from the perineum to the crown of the head along the central part of the spinal column; in Hindu tantra it is called “sushumna”), lalana and rasana, going to the right and left of avadhuti and symbolizing the method - compassion and wisdom (this ida and pingala of Hindu tantra). The yogi strives to introduce the energy flows of the side channels into the central channel, which is inactive in the layman, to fuse them into a single whole and thus obtain an elixir of awakening directed to the brain. For this purpose, methods of sexual yoga are sometimes used, since tantrics believe that during orgasm, prana itself strives to enter the central channel of Avadhuti.

Exercises of this kind require certain preparation, training in motor and, especially, breathing exercises, as well as the ability to visualize the channel system. This practice, like a similar Hindu one, also includes exercises with the chakras (chakra - literally: “wheel”), the energy centers of the body, the loci of convergence of the channels-nadis. In Buddhist tantra, three chakras are usually used, correlated with the Three Bodies of the Buddha (sometimes a fourth, “secret” chakra is added to them; apparently, the center at the base of the spine), as well as with the Thought, Speech and Body of the Buddhas (Body - the upper, brain center , Nirmanakaya, Speech - middle, throat center, Sambhogakaya and Thought - lower, heart center, Dharmakaya). It is interesting that, unlike Hinduism, the highest state is associated here not with the head (sahasrara; ushnisha), but with the heart (anahata; hridaya) center.

An interesting parallel here may be the “smart prayer” of Eastern Christian hesychast monks, pronounced precisely from the mind placed in the heart.

Chakras and their elements correspond to certain seed mantras (bija mantra), the lettering of which can be visualized by the yogi in the corresponding centers (the size, thickness and color of the letters are strictly regulated).

Opening the chakras (their activation), it is believed, and generally working with the energy of the body leads to the yogi mastering various superpowers (in Buddhism they are called riddhi): the ability to fly, become invisible, etc. About the great Tibetan yogi and greatest poet Milarepa (XI - early XII centuries), for example, there is a legend that he took refuge from a thunderstorm in a hollow horn thrown on the road, and the horn did not become larger, but Milarepa did not become smaller. It is believed that through breathing and physical exercises, taking alchemical elixirs and plant extracts, “returning semen to the brain” (achieved through the ability to experience orgasm without ejaculation) and contemplation, the yogi can even make his body immortal and indestructible, so that, by fulfilling the bodhisattva vows, throughout the entire cosmic cycle, stay with people and instruct them in the Buddha Dharma. Thus, among the elderly lamas of Buryatia, twenty to thirty years ago, there was a legend that the famous yogi and mahasiddha Saraha (7th century) visited one of the Buryat monasteries in the 20s of the 20th century. And although the Vajrayana teaches us to look at all such powers and abilities as empty and illusory in nature, among the people the reputation of miracle workers and wizards is firmly established for the adherents of the Diamond Chariot.

Tantric Buddhism actually became the leading direction of the late Indian Mahayana during the reign of the kings of the Pal dynasty, the last Buddhist monarchs of India (VIII - early XIII centuries), and was borrowed in the same status by the Tibetan tradition that was formed simultaneously. Tantric yoga was also practiced by such famous thinkers as Dharmakirti. Essentially, the logical-epistemological branch of Yogacara in philosophy and tantra in Buddhist practice determined the specifics of Buddhism in the last period of its existence in its homeland (although individual Buddhist tantric yogis lived in the 15th and even 16th centuries, but after the Muslim conquest of Bengal and Bihar in the 13th century, Buddhism disappeared as an organized religion in India). Both of these directions - the philosophy and logic of the late Yogacara and Vajraya - largely determined the specifics of Tibetan Buddhism (and then Mongolian, also borrowed by the peoples of Russia - the Buryats, Kalmyks and Tuvans).

In contrast, in the Far East, tantra received relatively little distribution (although it did influence the iconography of Chinese Buddhism quite strongly). Even in Japan, where, thanks to the remarkable personality of Kukai (Kobo Daishi, 774-835), the Shingon school of yoga tantras is quite strong, the influence of tantra was noticeably inferior to the influence of such schools as the Pure Land, Nichiren-shu, Zen or even Tendai. This is largely due to the fact that Chinese Buddhism was already practically formed by the time of the heyday of the Vajrayana (a new wave of interest in the tantras led in the 11th century to the translation of a number of Anuttara yoga tantras, but these translations were accompanied by significant deletions and editorial censorship of the texts). In addition, the cultural and ecological niche of the Vajrayana was largely occupied in China by Taoism. Nevertheless, Vajrayana still remains extremely relevant for Central Asian Buddhism and a very interesting phenomenon for religious studies in the spiritual life of the peoples of the East.

E. A. Torchinov

Torchinov E.A. Religions of the world: experience of the beyond. Psychotechnics and transpersonal states. - 4th ed. - St. Petersburg: ABC-classics, St. Petersburg Oriental Studies, 2005, p. 368-385.

Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana)

In the middle of the 1st millennium AD. e. Buddhism in India is entering the last period of its development, which received the name “tantric” in Buddhist literature. Here we must immediately say that the word “tantra” itself does not in any way characterize the specifics of this new type of Buddhism. “Tantra” is simply the name of a type of text that may not contain anything actually “tantric.” We have already touched on this issue when talking about Hindu Tantrism, but we consider it necessary to repeat it again. Just as the word “sutra”, which denoted the canonical texts of the Hinayana and Mahayana, has the meaning of “the basis of the fabric,” so the word “tantra” means just a thread on which something (beads, rosaries) is strung; that is, as in the case of sutras, we are talking about certain basic texts that serve as the basis, the core. Therefore, although the followers of Tantrism themselves talk about the “path of sutras” (Hinayana and Mahayana) and the “path of mantras,” they nevertheless prefer to call their teaching Vajrayana, contrasting it not with Mahayana (of which Vajrayana is a part), but with the classical Mahayana path of gradual improvement (paramitayana, the Chariot of Paramita or perfections that transfer to that Shore).368

What does the word Vajrayana mean? The word "vajra" was originally used to refer to the thunder scepter of the Vedic god Indra, but gradually its meaning changed. The fact is that one of the meanings of the word “vajra” is “diamond”, “adamant”. Already within the framework of Buddhism, the word “vajra” began to be associated, on the one hand, with the initially perfect nature of awakened consciousness, like an indestructible diamond, and on the other, awakening itself, enlightenment, like an instantaneous clap of thunder or a flash of lightning. The ritual Buddhist vajra, like the ancient vajra, is a special type of scepter that symbolizes awakened consciousness. Therefore, the word "Vajrayana" can be translated as "Diamond Chariot", "Thunder Chariot", etc. The first translation can be considered the most common.

How is Vajrayana (or Tantric Buddhism) different from other forms of Buddhism?

It should immediately be said that with regard to the aspect of wisdom (prajna), the Vajrayana does not offer practically anything new compared to the classical Mahayana and is based on its philosophical teachings: Madhyamika, Yogacara and the theory of Tathagatagarbha. All the originality of the Diamond Chariot is associated with its methods (upaya), although the goal of these methods is still the same - achieving Buddhahood for the benefit of all living beings. But why, the question arises, are these new methods needed, if already in the classical Mahayana there was an extremely developed system of yogic improvement?

First of all, the Vajrayana texts claim, the path it offers is instantaneous (like the path of Chan Buddhism) and opens up for a person the possibility of achieving Buddhahood not through three immeasurable kalpas, as in the old Mahayana, but in this very life, “in one body.” Consequently, an adept of the Diamond Chariot can more quickly fulfill his bodhisattva vow: to become a Buddha in the name of liberating all living beings from the swamp of birth-death. At the same time, Vajrayana mentors always emphasized that this path is also the most dangerous, similar to a direct ascent to the top of a mountain along a rope stretched over all mountain gorges and abysses. The slightest mistake on this path will lead the unlucky yogi to madness or
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Birth in a special “vajra hell”. The guarantee of success on this dangerous path is strict adherence to the bodhisattva ideal and the desire to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible in order to quickly be able to relieve living beings from the suffering of samsara. If a yogi enters the Chariot of Thunder for the sake of his own success, in pursuit of magical powers and power, his final defeat and spiritual degradation are inevitable.

Therefore, tantric texts were considered sacred, and the beginning of practice in the Vajrayana system required receiving a special initiation 137 and accompanying instructions from a teacher who has achieved the realization of the Path. In general, the role of the teacher in tantric Buddhism is especially great (here it is appropriate to recall the statement of Muslim Sufi ascetics who said that for Sufis who do not have a teacher, the teacher is the devil). Due to this intimacy of Vajrayana practice, it is also called the Vehicle of Secret Tantra or simply the secret teaching (Chinese mi jiao).

What is the specificity of tantric methods of achieving the awakening of consciousness?

Before answering this question, we note that all tantras (that is, the doctrinal texts of the Vajrayana, representing the personal instructions put by the authors of the tantras into the mouth of the Buddha, which, as we remember, the authors of the Mahayana sutras did) were divided into four classes: kriya-tpantpras (purification tantras), charya-tpantpras (action tantras), yoga tantras and anutara yoga tantras (highest yoga tantras). Each type of tantra had its own specific methods, although they had much in common. The difference, in fact, is between the first three classes of tantras and the last, which is considered (especially in Tibet, whose Buddhism strictly reproduced the late Indian tradition) to be the most excellent and perfect 138 .

The main methods offered by the first three classes of tantras can be reduced to the performance of special rituals-liturgies that have a complex symbolic meaning, which presupposed a contemplative (psychotechnically oriented) reading of them by the performing yogi, and to the practice of mantras, the technique of visualizing deities and contemplating mandalas.
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The practice of reading mantras is so important in Vajrayana that sometimes the path of the first classes of tantras is even called mantrayana (Vehicle of Mantras). Strictly speaking, the repetition of mantra prayers is well known in Mahayana. However, the nature of Mahayana prayers and tantric mantras and dharani (from the same root dhr, “to hold” as dharma; dharani - combinations of sounds, syllables encoding the content of detailed texts of a psychotechnical nature, their peculiar syllabic and sound synopsis) are completely different. Mahayana mantras are usually designed to understand the immediate meaning of their constituent words and sentences. For example: “Oh m! Svabhava shuddha, sarva dharma svabhava shuddha. Hum! (“Om! Pure self-existence, pure self-existence of all dharmas. Hum!” Or the prajna-paramita mantra from the “Heart Sutra”: “Om! Gate, gate, paragate, parasashate, bodhi. Svaha!” (“O you, who translates for limits, transfers beyond the limits of limits, transfers beyond the limits of the boundless, glory!") Or the famous mantra “Om mani padme hum” - “Om! Precious lotus! Hum!” (meaning the great compassionate bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, to whom this mantra is dedicated). It should be noted that the words om (aum) and hum are left without translation. This sacred untranslatability already directly relates them to tantric mantras. The sound combinations that form these mantras, such as hum, ah, hri and the like, do not have any dictionary meaning. They are designed for the direct impact of their very sound, the very sound vibrations and modulations of the voice when pronouncing them on the consciousness and psychophysical parameters of the yogi repeating them.Pronunciation of mantras also implies contemplative concentration and understanding of the inner meaning of the mantra and its impact. The practice of tantric mantras involves a special initiation, which is accompanied by an explanation of the correct pronunciation of a particular sound.

The technique of visualizing deities is also extremely developed in Vajrayana. A practicing yogi should ideally learn to imagine this or that buddha or bodhisattva not just as some kind of picture, but as a living person with whom one can even talk. Usually visualization
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The deity is accompanied by the reading of mantras dedicated to him. Mandala la (lit.: “circle”) is a complex three-dimensional (although there are also icons depicting mandalas) model of the psychocosm in the aspect of the enlightened consciousness of a particular buddha or bodhisattva (his image is usually placed in the center of the mandala). The yogi visualizes the mandala, builds, as it were, an internal mandala in his consciousness, which is then combined with the external mandala by an act of projection, transforming the world around the yogi into the divine world (more precisely, changing the yogi’s consciousness in such a way that it begins to unfold at a different level, corresponding to the level of deployment of the consciousness of the deity of the mandala: this is no longer the “world of dust and dirt” of the consciousness of the layman, but the Pure Earth, the “field of the Buddha”). In passing, we note that there were even grandiose temple complexes built in the shape of a mandala. According to many researchers, this is, for example, the famous Indonesian monastery of Borobudur, which is a giant mandala in stone.

Anutara yoga tantras (highest yoga tantras) use all the methods and techniques described above, but their content is significantly changed. In addition, tantras of this class are also characterized by a number of specific features that are usually associated in popular literature with the word “tantra”, and very often, when they talk about tantras, they mean the tantras of the highest yoga (“Guhyasamajatantra”, “Hevajra tantra”, “Kalachakra Tantra”, etc.). But before considering their specifics, let us ask ourselves the question of the origin of the Vajrayana, its roots, which will greatly help to understand both the essence of the tantric texts of the highest yoga and the nature of the methods described in them.

As already mentioned, Buddhism was largely formed within the framework of the protest of a living religious and moral feeling against the frozen Brahmanical dogmatism and ritualism, against the snobbish pride of the “twice-born.” But by the time of the appearance of the Diamond Chariot, Buddhism itself, as a widespread and prosperous religion, had its own external piety , enchanted by his righteousness and virtues acquired within the walls of monasteries; arose
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The monastic elite, who replaced the spirit of the teachings of the Awakened One by scrupulously following the letter of monastic rules and formal regulations. This gradual fading of the living religious impulse prompted a number of followers of Buddhism to challenge the traditional monastic way of life in the name of reviving the spirit of the teachings of the Buddha, contrary to all formalism and dogmatic deadness and based on direct psychotechnical experience. This tendency found its highest expression in the images of mahasiddhas (great perfect ones), people who preferred the experience of individual hermitage and yogic improvement of the monastery.
sky isolation. In the images of the Mahasiddhas (Naropa, Tilopa, Maripa, etc.) there is a lot of grotesque, foolish, and sometimes shocking things about the average man in the street. his popular ideas of holiness and piety. These were, first of all, practitioners, yogis, who were interested precisely in the speedy achievement of a religious goal, and not in the scholastic subtleties of interpretation of the Dharma and the endless discussions about them in monastic centers that became an end in themselves. The Mahasiddha yogis did not bind themselves by taking formal vows, led a free lifestyle, and even outwardly, with their long hair (and sometimes beards), differed from shaved monks (it is interesting that even now, when performing tantric rituals in the datsans of Mongolia and Buryatia, lama monks wear on their shaved heads wigs with the characteristic hairstyle of Vajrayana yogis). Without dogmatic prejudices, they freely associated with fellow Hindu yogis who disdained the restrictions of Brahmanical orthodoxy, which led to an unlimited exchange of ideas and methods of yogic practice. Apparently, it was in this environment that the techniques and images characteristic of the tantras of the highest yoga class, adopted much later by monastic Buddhism, were formed.

Speaking about the mahasiddhas, it is impossible to at least briefly mention the six yogas of Naropa:
1) yoga of internal heat,
2) yoga of the illusory body,
3) dream yoga,
4) clear light yoga,

5) intermediate state yoga,
6) yoga of consciousness transfer.
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All these types of yoga are extremely interesting in terms of developing a psychological approach in religious studies, since many of the states described (and achieved) in them are quite familiar and transpersonal to psychology. Let's say a few words about the yoga of the intermediate state and the yoga of internal heat.

The first of them presupposes the yogi’s ability to enter an intermediate state between death and a new birth (antpara bhava, Tib. bardo, Chinese zhong yin). The yogi reaches a special state of consciousness, which he identifies as intermediate. In it, the sensation of the body disappears, and the consciousness of the yogi (psychological subject) can move freely in space, experiencing various visions. At the same time, the yogi feels that he is, as it were, tied to his body with an elastic thread. Breaking the thread would mean actual death. Why do you need to enter an intermediate state? In Tantric Buddhism, there is the idea that everyone who has died at some point experiences awakening and contemplates the clear light of the empty Dharma body. Consolidating this experience (which, according to tradition, almost no one succeeds in) means achieving Buddhahood and leaving samsara. Therefore, the yogi strives, during his lifetime, to enter the state of samadhi, the intermediate state, and try to achieve awakening in it.

Note that S. Grof describes similar experiences in his patients during transpersonal sessions 139 .

Yoga of internal heat (chunda yoga, Tib. tpummo) is especially popular in the Tibetan school of Kagyu-pa (kajud-pa). Typologically, it corresponds to the kundalini yoga of Shaivism, although it does not know the concept of kundalini shakti and its connection with Shiva-atman. Chunda yoga involves working with the nadi chakras to sublimate internal energy (which is expressed externally in strong heating of the body) and transformation of consciousness.

The remaining types of Naropa yoga are much less known to researchers. Of particular interest, apparently, is dream yoga with its technique of “being awake in a dream,” which gradually turns into the ability to practice yoga in a dream 140 It is known that Chan (Zen) monks can also remain in constant contemplation (including dreams).
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One more point is important to note when talking about mahasiddhas. The tendency towards the substantialization of awakened consciousness, which we spoke about in relation to the theory of tathagatagarbha, finds its full completion in the texts associated with the names of the mahasiddhas and in the later tantras, which, obviously, is also due to the convergence of Hindu and Buddhist yoga in a psychotechnically (and not doctrinally) oriented Indian Vajrayana traditions. The non-dual dharmakaya is often described in them in the same terms as the divine atman of the Upanishads and the Gita, and sometimes directly named after the Hindu gods (Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, etc.). Therefore, it is not surprising that the official cult of medieval Indonesia, which was influenced by both Hindu Shaivism and Tantric Buddhism, was the cult of a single and absolute God - Shiva Buddha. It took Tsongkhapa's enormous efforts to reconcile the position of the tantras exclusively with the classical form of Madhyamika Prasangika, which was considered the highest philosophy in his Gelug-pa school, within the framework of the tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. In the old schools of Tibetan Buddhism (Sakya-pa, Kagyu-pa and Osochenyigma-pa), the original “convergent” character of the “theology” of the tantras was preserved in its more or less original form.

What catches your eye when reading tantric texts of the highest yoga? First of all, these are the motives of sinful, criminal and terrible, used in a positive sense, the themes of adultery, incest, murder, theft and other vices - all this is recommended for the true yogi to commit, everything that, it would seem, is so contrary to the very spirit of Buddhism, which has always preached moral purity , compassion and abstinence. And suddenly - statements that the way to satisfy all passions is identical to the way to suppress them, suddenly sermons delivered by Buddha-Bhagavan, who resides in the yoni, the “lotus” of the female genital organs, sermons from which bodhisattvas listening to them fall faint, because these sermons are filled with calls to kill parents and teachers, commit acts of the most monstrous incest, eat not only animal meat, but also indulge in cannibalism, as well as make offerings to the Buddha with meat, blood and sewage.
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What's behind all this? Have some “Satanists” taken possession of the image of the gentle Buddha to seduce living beings from the path of liberation? Or is it something else? But what?

First of all, it should be noted that the tantric method, although, according to tradition, leads to the same result as the method of the classical Mahayana sutras, nevertheless, in its character it is directly opposite to it. Mahayana (Dai Hinayana) worked primarily with consciousness, with that thin superficial layer of the psyche that is characteristic of a person and is closely related to the type of civilizational development of a particular society and its level. And only gradually the enlightening effect of Mahayana methods affects the deeper layers and layers of the psyche, transforming them. Vajrayana is a different matter. She directly began to work with the dark abysses of the subconscious and unconscious, using its crazy surreal images to quickly uproot the very roots of affects: passions, drives (sometimes pathological), attachments - which may not have been realized by the practitioner himself. Then only came the turn of consciousness, transforming following the cleansing of the dark depths of the subconscious. A major role in determining the guru of a particular practice for each student was to clarify the basic affect (klesha) for his psyche: whether it is anger, passion, ignorance, pride or envy. Therefore, the texts of the Diamond Chariot tirelessly repeat that affects should not be suppressed and destroyed, but recognized and transformed, transubstantiated into awakened consciousness, just as in the process of alchemical transmutation the alchemist turns iron and lead into gold and silver. Thus, the tantric yogi himself turns out to be such an alchemist, healing the psyche by transforming the filth and passions into the pure wisdom of the Buddha. And if the basis for the transmutation of metals is a certain primordial matter that forms the nature of both iron and gold, then the basis for the transformation of passions and attractions into the wisdom of a Buddha is the nature
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Buddha, which is the nature of the psyche as such and which is present in any, even the most base mental act, just as water constitutes the nature of both sea waves and any, even the most polluted body of water: after all, this dirt has nothing to do with the nature of the water itself, which is always clean and transparent . The Tibetan tradition of Dzog-chen calls this nature of consciousness “consciousness” (chitta-tva, sems-nyid), as opposed to simply the psyche or consciousness (citta, sems); in the Chinese Chan tradition, this same essence is called the nature of consciousness (xin xing), which is revealed in the act of seeing nature (ts jiang xing, Japanese kensho). Its essence is pure and non-dual gnosis (junyana, Tib. rig-pa or yeses, Chinese zhi).

And here Vajrayana adherents find themselves in complete agreement with one of the main postulates of Mahayana philosophy - the doctrine of identity and non-duality of samsara and nirvana.

Further, all tantric texts are highly symbolic, semiotic and are not at all designed for literal understanding (let’s not forget that we are talking about secret and dangerous for profane teaching). Much of their interpretation depends on the level at which the text is being interpreted. Thus, on one level, the requirement to kill parents may mean the eradication of the klesha of a dualistic vision of reality, which serves as parents for a samsaric being, and on another, the suppression of the movement of energy flows in the spinal column by holding the breath in the process of yogic practice of tantras. The same is true for other metaphors of crime ( compare the phrase from Psalm 136 “On the rivers of Babylon”: “And Your babies will be dashed against the stone”, where by “babies” the Orthodox Church understands sins).

Particular attention should be paid to the sexual symbolism of tantrism, which is so obvious that it has even become associated among the European layman with the word “tantrism” itself.

On the one hand, it is not at all surprising that tantric yogis working with the subconscious paid special attention to sexuality (libido) as the basis of the very energy of a person’s psychosomatic integrity. On the other hand, adherents of the Diamond Chariot correlated sexual images
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Subconscious minds with the main provisions of the Mahayana doctrine. Let us recall that, according to the teachings of the Mahayana, the awakened consciousness is born (without being born) from the combination of the skilful methods of the bodhisattva saving living beings, his great compassion (karuna; ritual symbol - skepstr-vajra) with wisdom, intuitive comprehension of emptiness as the nature of all phenomena (prajna; ritual symbol - bell). This integration of compassion and wisdom gave rise to awakening (bodhi). Therefore, nothing interfered with the tantric tradition, but, on the contrary, was in the best harmony with its guidelines to correlate compassion and method with the masculine, active principle, and wisdom with the feminine, passive principle, and to metaphorically represent awakening, the acquisition of Buddhahood in the form of male and female figures in intercourse deities-symbols. Thus, tantric images of combining deities are nothing more than metaphorical images of the unity of compassion-method and wisdom, generating awakening as the highest wholeness, the integration of the psyche (yuga-naddha).

Science has long been faced with the question of whether tantric practice had real rituals that presupposed physical intimacy between the men and women participating in them, who identified themselves with “karuna” and “prajna,” respectively, or whether these rituals were always of a purely internal, contemplative nature. It seems that there can be no clear answer to this question. It is possible that in the early, “dissident” period of the development of the Vajrayana, yogis (who did not take monastic vows) actually practiced sexual rituals, which, however, required the obligatory entry of partners into a state of self-deepening and identification with deities. Later, when tantric yoga became an integral part of Buddhist practice in monasteries (especially in Tibet, and especially after Tsongkhapa’s reforms), such rituals were completely abandoned, content with their recreation in contemplation through the practice of visualization and self-identification with the visualized object. But in any case, tantric yoga is by no means a technique
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Sex, preached by numerous charlatans from Tantra, is not a way of obtaining pleasure through mystical eroticism (although Tantra places special emphasis on bliss, sukha, and sometimes equates pleasure and psychotechnics, Sanskrit bhoga and yoga), but a very complex system of working with the psyche, with the subconscious for the implementation of the religious ideal of Buddhism - psychotechnics, which includes a kind of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.

Here it is appropriate to point out one significant difference between Buddhist Tantrism and Shaivite Tantrism. In Buddhism, the feminine principle is prajna, that is, wisdom, intuition of reality as it is and understanding of the nature of samsara as essentially empty states of consciousness; Prajna is passive. In the Shaivism-feminine principle - shakti, that is, strength, energy, the unity of which attaches to the world-creating power of God; Shakti is by definition active. The Buddhist-Hindu convergence, however, went so far that in the latest tantras (for example, in the Kalachakra Tantra, 10th century) the concept of “shakti” appears, which had not previously been used in Buddhist tantras.

Tantric Buddhism brought into being a new pantheon of deities unknown to other forms of Buddhism. When a Buddhist icon depicts a many-armed and many-headed deity, hung with skulls, often clutching his prajna in his arms, then this is an icon of tantric Buddhism. What is the religious meaning of such images?

Just as the sexual symbolism of the tantras had its prototype in the archaic fertility cults (apparently of Dravidian origin) of ancient India, which were radically rethought by Buddhism and became, essentially, derivatives of archaic cults and images, being included in the system of Buddhist philosophy and psychology, the tantric pantheon is also in was largely rooted in the cults of archaic deities, the veneration of which was largely preserved in the lower classes of the Ikasts of Indian society and beyond them among the pariahs (Dombi, Chandala). Who are all these tantric yoginis (witches, demons) and dakimi, magical maidens who teach adepts the highest secrets in cemeteries among skeletons and cremation ashes? In its origin it is very
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Unattractive bloodsucking vampires (their fangs are also visible on Tibetan thangka icons), ghouls and demons of the lowest layer of Indian mythology. But don’t their grotesque and terrible images best correspond to the surreal creations of the liberated and raging subconscious? Or doesn’t the transformation of a bloodsucker werewolf into the bearer of the secrets of the path to liberation best symbolize the idea of ​​the all-presence and universality of Buddha nature, which forms the essence of even vicious psychic impulses? Buddhist yogis also did not miss the opportunity to slightly shock the monastic elite by venerating such images. In general, it should be said that Vajrayana, using the form and appearance of objects of ancient cults and folk beliefs and superstitions, radically rethought their content, transforming primitive demons and imps into symbols of certain mental states, which turned them into artificially constructed archetypes or, more precisely, into artificially constructed images archetypes of the unconscious.

A special class of tantric deities consists of the so-called tutelary deities (shita devata, Tib. yidam). These deities, multi-armed and multi-headed, with many attributes, are the most complex psychological archetypal symbols denoting higher states of consciousness. Essentially, the teaching of any tantra, its highest goal is awakening, and the methods it offers can be visually presented in the form of imageyidama. Therefore, their names usually coincide with the names of the tantras: Hevajra (Yamantaka), Kalachakra, Guhyasamaja, etc. Thus, the yidams symbolize perfect awakening and therefore, in their status, correspond to the Buddhas, identical to them. Their menacing appearance, bared fangs and other warlike attributes, in addition to the high psychological meaning, demonstrate their readiness to destroy all vices and passions, turning them into blood ~ awakening and wine - amrita (elixir of immortality), filling channels, bowls from skulls, on many tantric icons. In the process of tantric contemplation, a yogi who knows the corresponding text by heart and owns the dharani encoding it, and
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Also, having the necessary initiations, visualizes a certain deity (yidam), identifies himself with it, transferring its attributes to himself, and ultimately reaches the state of awakening, which this deity symbolizes in a given tantric system.

One of the main provisions of the Vajrayana is the thesis of non-duality, the identity of body and consciousness. In general, consciousness occupies a central place in the teachings of the Vajrayana: both samsara and nirvana are nothing more than two different states of the same consciousness; awakening is comprehension of the nature of consciousness as such. And this consciousness is declared to be non-dual (advaya) with the body and consubstantial with the latter. This naturally follows the desire of the tantric yogi to work not just with consciousness, but with the psychophysical whole of his body, which is non-dual in nature. Therefore, an important role in the methods of the Diamond Chariot is played by working with various psychophysical and energetic structures of the body. According to tantric paraphysiology (we talked about it earlier, in connection with Shaivite yoga), the body at its subtle, energetic level is endowed with special channels (nadis) through which it circulates energy (prana). Three channels are considered the most important. In Buddhist tantra they are called: avadhuti (it runs in the center along the spinal column and is similar to the Hindu sushumna), lalana and rasana, going to the right and left of avadhuti and symbolizing the method - compassion and wisdom (the ide and nourishment of Hindu tantra). The yogi strives to introduce the energy flows of the side channels into the central channel, which is inactive in the layman, to fuse them into a single whole and thus obtain the elixir of awakening, which he directs to the brain.

Exercises of this kind require certain preparation, training in motor and especially breathing exercises, as well as the ability to visualize the channel system. This practice, like a similar Hindu one, also includes exercises with the chakras. In Buddhist tantra, the three chakras most often used are related to the three bodies of the Buddha, as well as the thought, speech and body of the Buddhas (body - upper, brain center,
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Nirmanakaya; speech is the throat center, sambhogakaya, thought is the heart center, dharma-kaya). It is interesting that, unlike Hinduism, the highest state is associated here not with the head (sahasrara), but with the heart (anahatpa) center. An interesting parallel here may be the “smart prayer” of the Byzantine hesychasts, pronounced precisely from the heart.

Chakras and their elements correspond to certain seed mantras (bija mangpra), the lettering of which can be visualized by the yogi in the corresponding centers (the size, thickness and color of the letters are strictly regulated).

Opening the chakras (their activation), it is believed, and generally working with the energy of the body leads to the yogi mastering various superpowers (called riddhis in Buddhism): the ability to fly, become invisible, etc. About the great Tibetan yogi and poet Milarepa (XI-XII centuries), for example, there is a legend that he took refuge from a thunderstorm in a hollow horn thrown on the road, and the horn did not become larger, but Milarepa did not become smaller. It is believed that a yogi can even make his body immortal so that, fulfilling the bodhisattva vow, he can remain with people and instruct them for an entire world period. Thus, among the elderly lamas of Buryatia, until recently there was a legend that the famous yogi and mahasiddha Saraha (7th century?) visited one of the Buryat monasteries in the 20s of the 20th century. And although the Vajrayana teaches the yogi to look at all such powers and abilities as empty and illusory in nature, among the people the reputation of miracle workers and wizards is firmly established for the adherents of the Diamond Chariot.

The structure of tantric yoga is not precisely defined; Rather, it can be said that each text offered its own structure of the path. Thus, Hevajra Tantra (and Chandamaharoshana Tantra) speaks of six stages of yoga: 1) withdrawal of the senses from their objects (pratyahara), 2) contemplation (dhyana), 3) control of the breath (pranayama), 4) concentration of attention (dharana). ), 5) fullness of awareness-memory (anusmriti), 6) concentration (samadhi). The same text also recommends hatha yoga. Lal Mani Joshi notes in this regard: “The method of esoteric unity makes the yogi master not only his psychophysical complex in all its aspects, light and dark, good and evil, but also the visible and invisible entities and forces of the universe.” 14 2 .
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The tantric element actually became the leading one in late Indian Buddhism in the 8th - 12th centuries. and was inherited in such a gesture by the Tibetan tradition that was being formed simultaneously. On the contrary, in the Far East tantra has received very little distribution (although its role in Chinese Buddhist culture is beginning to be overestimated) 143 ; even in Japan (Shingon school), where, thanks to the educational activities of Kukai (Kobo Daishi, 774-835), Vajrayana (at the level of yoga tantras) became more widespread, its influence cannot be compared with the influence of such directions as the Pure Land, teaching Nichiren or Zen. This is explained by the fact that Chinese Buddhism had almost completed its formation by the time the Vajrayana began to flourish, as well as by the occupation of the cultural niche of Tantrism in China by Taoism. Nevertheless, Vajrayana remains extremely relevant for Central Asian Buddhism and a very interesting religious phenomenon for religious studies.

Above we talked about some specific features of tantric practice: the use of images of the criminal and terrible (murder, incest, etc.), the ritual (whether real or imaginary) use of blood and impurities, etc. It makes sense to dwell on the role of these components of tantric practice in more detail, comparing with some aspects of marginal religious beliefs of the medieval West, namely with ideas about the devil’s Sabbath. Such a comparison is desirable and important for two reasons: firstly, the coven reveals, on a surface level, a number of parallels with tantric images and symbols, and when comparing the symbols of these two types, the nature of tantric practice turns out to be much clearer; secondly, S. Grof shows that visions of the satanic coven are quite common in experiences
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Stages of BPM III in transpersonal sessions, which also in the mode of comparing the Sabbath with tantra makes it possible to understand the psychological meaning of the latter. So, first let's say a few words about the images of the Sabbath in the context of psychological research by transpersonal psychologists 144 .

The Sabbath archetype, available in transpersonal experiences, had precedents in the European Middle Ages, when "witches" used psychoactive compounds that included belladonna, henbane, datura and mandrake, also adding animal ingredients such as toads and salamanders. These components contain the potent psychoactive alkaloids atropine, scopolamine hyoscyamine, and the toad's skin secretes the psychedelics dimethylserotonin and bufotenine.

In S. Grof’s sessions, visions of the “sabbath” type were associated with the BPM III complex of experiences. The sexual element of the Sabbath is presented in sadomasochistic, incestuous and scatological forms. The head of the coven is the devil, in the form of a huge black goat named Master Leonard. He deflowers virgins with a huge scaly phallus, copulates with all witches indiscriminately, takes kisses on the anus and encourages participants in wild incestuous orgies in which mothers and sons, fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters participate.

The devil's feast at the Sabbath includes substances eaten by participants in this action, such as menstrual blood, sperm, excrement and cut fetuses, seasoned with spices. A characteristic aspect of the Sabbath is blasphemy, ridicule and perversion of Christian liturgical symbolism, especially the sacraments of baptism and communion.

All this has parallels in tantric practice. -Master Leonard doesn't look any more intimidating than most tantric yidams. As for the incestuous dishes consumed at the Sabbath, they have direct analogues in tantric texts. And finally, the blasphemous parody of Christian shrines is quite consistent with the offering of impurities to the Buddhas in the Vajrayana ritual and ridicule of the norms of monastic behavior.
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An important part of the Sabbath ceremony is the renunciation of Christ and all Christian symbols by the participants. In the context of the BLM III experience, this means a refusal to move on from BLM IV with its experience of purifying death-rebirth, and in a religious context, the refusal of reciprocal salvation and the incessant repetition of terrible actions (in the perinatal context - refusal of archetypal development and fixation in birth pangs). Here the temptation to release all forbidden internal impulses in a hellish orgy and from a victim of evil to become evil oneself triumphs.

It is at this point that the fundamental and even diametric difference between the tantric symbolism and the satanic symbolism of the Sabbath is rooted. Tantra also strives for the release of internal impulses of evil, but not for enslavement by them, but for liberation from them. If for a coven participant they are valuable in themselves, then for a tantric yogi they are completely devalued. The tantric yogi consciously uses “devilish” images of the suppressed subconscious and releases them not for cultivation, but for liberation from them through their awareness and transformation. Psychologically, this means accelerated psychotherapeutic elimination of both the complexes described by 3. Freud and the BPM complexes (complexes of perinatal origin) and the transition to higher transpersonal states that have become accessible to the consciousness that has been cleansed of impurity. Here, as it were, the devil is used to achieve the divine (cf. the assertions of medieval theologians that God can force Satan to serve his purposes). And if the Satanist at the Sabbath renounces Christ (salvation), then the tantric yogi performs all forms of his practice (sadhana) “to achieve Buddhahood for the benefit of all living beings.” And it is precisely this attitude (bodhichitta) that is an indispensable precondition for practicing tantric psychotechnics - yoga 145.
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137 On initiations, see: Devi-Neel A. Initiations and initiates in Tibet. St. Petersburg, 1994.
138 The Tibetan school of Nyingma-pa (Ancient school) called Anuttara yoga Great Yoga (Maha Yoga) and supplemented the classification with two more types of yoga: Anu Yoga (Primordial Yoga), which involved working with the psychophysiological centers of the body (chakras, nadis), and Ati Yoga (Excellent Yoga), or Dzog Cheng.
139 Grof S. Areas of the human unconscious. pp. 191-194.
140 About this technique, in particular, see: Laberge S, Reingold X. Study of the world of lucid dreams. M., 1995.
141 For example: “This body-vajra is Brahma, speech-vajra is Shiva (the Great Lord), thought-vajra, the king, is the great magician Vishnu” (Guhyasamaja Tantra. XVII 19; Sanskrit text: “Kayavajro bhaved brahma vachvajras tu mahesvarah, cittavajradharo raja saiva visnurmahardhikah"). Nal Mani Joshi adds: “We can say that Vajrasattva is much higher than all these gods, for he is the unity of them all (see: Lal ManiJoshi. Op. cit. P. 125-126).
142 Lal MamJoshi. Op. cit. Part 3 // Buddhist Studies Review. Vol.9. 2. 1992. P. 160.
143 cm.: Orzech Ch. D. Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayana in Cliina // History of Religions. Vol. 20. No. 2.1989. P. 87-114.
144 See: Grof S. Beyond the Brain. pp. 247-250.
145 About Vajrayana (Buddhist tantra), see: Anagarika Govinda, Lama. Psychology of early Buddhism: Foundations of Tibetan mysticism. St. Petersburg, 1993; Bhattacharya B. An Introduction to Buddhist Esotericism. Bombay, 1932; Hevajratantra/Ed. by Snellgrjve D. L L, 1959; SnellgroveD.L. Indian Buddhism and its Tibetian Successors. L, 1987; Lal Mam Joshi. Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India. Delhi, 1977; Wayman A.Yoga of the Guhyasamajatantra. Delhi, 1977.