The enterprise emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. How to calculate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions for the reporting period (year), in accordance with the “Methodological instructions and guidelines for the quantitative determination of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities in the Russian Federation” approved by “Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated June 30, 2015 N 300 ” (hereinafter referred to as the Methodology)? The calculation of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions is carried out when creating a report on greenhouse gas emissions.
1. In the main menu of the program, select the “Greenhouse gases” item and in it the sub-item “GHG emissions report”. The document log “GHG Emissions Report” will open.
2. In the journal of the “GHG Emissions Report” document, press the “Insert” key on the keyboard or click on the (Add document) button. The new document screen will open.
3. In the “Organization” field, click on the button and select the name of the organization. In the “NVOS Object” field, click on the button and select the name of the NEOS object. If the object is not selected, the report will be generated for the organization as a whole, as shown in the figure below.
4. On the Emissions Calculation tab, enter the name of the emission source or group of emission sources. The “Item No.” column (line number) is filled in automatically with a serial number as emission sources are entered. This column is used to sort emission sources. The sequence number can be changed manually. After saving the document and opening it again, the program will sort and renumber the sources according to the manually entered line numbers. Next you need to select a source category. To do this, click on the button in the “Source category (methodology)” column. A window will open with a list of methods.
5. In the window that opens, select a method for calculating greenhouse gas emissions. In this example, we select the most commonly used method “01 Stationary fuel combustion”. To do this, double-click on the name of the technique. A screen will open for a new calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from the source of the selected category.
6. Before starting the calculation, you can view the description of the selected method. To do this, click on the button. You can leave the description open and look into it as needed when entering a calculation. And so, go to the window with the screen form of the selected method and select the type of fuel. To do this, click on the button located in the right corner of the “Type of fuel” column. The “Types of Fuels” directory will open, the contents of which correspond to the table. 1.1 Methods.
7. In our example, we will look at how to calculate greenhouse gas emissions for two different types of fuel: solid and gas. First, let's make a calculation for solid fuel. Find “Coking coal” in the directory and double-click on it with the mouse or click on the button.
8. After selecting fuel in the columns “Unit”, “Coefficient. Conversion to standard equivalent", "CO2 emission factor" and "CO2 emission factor". Oxidation" are automatically filled with values from the directory in accordance with the selected fuel. Enter fuel consumption for the reporting period in the specified units of measurement and press the key< Enter >. The volume of CO2 emissions is calculated based on the reference data given in Table 1.1 of the Methodology.
9. If you have data on the carbon content in 1 ton of fuel (in our example it is 0.87 tC/t), enter it in the appropriate field and press the button
10. In our example, we chose coking coal as a fuel, therefore, according to the Methodology (formula 1.6), the carbon content in coke can be calculated by the percentage of ash, volatiles and sulfur in the coke. Turn on the attribute “Calculated for coke (dry)” (click on it with the mouse). Three fields become available for entering the percentage of ash, volatiles and sulfur. Please complete these fields. The program will calculate the carbon content of the fuel and recalculate the CO2 emission factor and the volume of CO2 emissions. The new values will appear in the table.
11. Now let’s calculate the oxidation coefficient based on actual data (formulas 1.8 and 1.9 of the Methodology). We will use formula 1.9, which is applied if there is actual data on the carbon content in solid products of fuel combustion (slag and ash). Turn on the attribute “by combustion products” (click on it with the mouse). A field for entering the mass of carbon in ash and slag will become available. Enter a value in this field (in our example it is 0.2 t) and press the key
12. Next in our example we will look at how to calculate the amount of emissions based on the component composition of gaseous fuel. For example, let’s take “Combustible natural gas (natural)” as a fuel. In the "Fuel Types" table, add a new row. To do this, while in the table, press the “↓” (down arrow) key. A new line will be added in which we need to select the type of fuel we need as it was described in paragraphs 6 and 7 of this example. Then enter the fuel consumption (in our example it is 135800 thousand m3). The program will calculate the volume of CO2 emissions using reference data, but in this example we are interested in the calculation based on actual data on the composition of the fuel. Therefore, we will continue the calculation.
The CO2 emission factor can be calculated by the volume fraction (formula 1.3 of the Methodology) or by the mass fraction (formula 1.4 of the Methodology) of the components of the gas mixture. In our example, we will calculate based on the volume fraction of the components. Set the switch to the “Volume fraction” position (click on the corresponding text with the mouse) and select the measurement conditions from the reference book (the reference book opens by clicking the button). After selecting the measurement condition, the field “CO2 density in accordance with Table 1.2 of the Methodology” will be automatically filled in.
Now you can begin to enter the fuel composition. To do this, in the table “Component composition of the fuel”, fill in the columns “Name of the component”, “Share of the component in the fuel, %” and “Number of moles of carbon per mole of component” for each component included in the gaseous fuel. As you enter values, the CO2 emission factor of each component and the final CO2 emission factor from all components will be calculated, and the volume of CO2 emissions will be recalculated in the “Fuel Types” table. When entering, the program ensures that the total share of all components does not exceed 100%.
13. This concludes our example. Click the button 
to save the calculation results. The screen form will close and the program will return to the window with a list of emission sources (see paragraph 4 of this example). You can then calculate greenhouse gas emissions from other sources or save the report by clicking again. The entered report can be printed. To do this, in the document journal “GHG Emissions Report” (see paragraph 2 of this example), click on the button. A window will open with a list of printable forms. Click the button 
. A window will open for entering report parameters (in this case, the report date, full name of the manager and executor). Enter the parameters and click the button. MS Word will open to view and print the report.
Good afternoon, dear subscribers! We do greenhouse gas calculations correctly!
Once again, legislators are playing another trick on us. Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated December 23, 2015 No. 554 approved the application form for placing objects that have a negative impact on the environment (NEOS) on state registration. The document contains information necessary for inclusion in the state register, including in the form of electronic documents signed with an enhanced qualified electronic signature (EDS).
Calculating greenhouse gases in a new way
By Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources dated September 27, 2016 No. 499, the content of some information was changed.
There are not many changes, which is good news:
1. In paragraph 2 of Section II “Information on the impact of the facility on the environment,” the words “actual mass of carbon dioxide emissions” should be replaced with the words “actual mass of greenhouse gas emissions in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2 equivalent).”
2. After footnote 1 to paragraph 4 of section I, add footnote 2 to paragraph 2 of section II with the following content:
» In accordance with the methodological instructions and guidelines for the quantitative determination of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions by organizations carrying out economic and other activities in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated June 30, 2015 No. 300 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 15, 2015, registration number 40098), the actual mass of greenhouse gas emissions is determined in terms of carbon dioxide."
Those who are currently busy submitting applications for state registration, please keep in mind the recent changes. The site is always for you!
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Finally, we suggest watching a video on the topic of greenhouse gases. So to speak, for general development;)
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System of regulatory documents on environmental protection
Guiding normative document
METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS
BY CALCULATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
FROM MOTOR TRANSPORT COMPANIES
Executor: RSE "KazNIIEK" MEP RK
Customer: Ministry of Environmental Protection
Environment of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Astana 2010
1. General Provisions
2. Goal and objectives
3. Payment procedure
3.1.Theoretical foundations
3.2. CO 2 emissions
3.3. Emissions of other greenhouse gases
4. Calculation example
5. Uncertainty assessment
6. Reporting and documentation
7. List of sources used
GENERAL PROVISIONS
In terms of importance, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all modes of transport in many countries usually follow emissions from energy enterprises. In some large cities, vehicle emissions often exceed emissions from energy utilities.
It is therefore clear that reliable methods are needed to account for GHG emissions from all modes of transport. In addition to carbon dioxide (CO 2), greenhouse gases also include methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O).
The “motor transport” category corresponds to the “Road transport” category according to the Guidelines and includes all types of passenger cars, light and medium-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles such as tractor-trailers and buses, as well as motorcycles of all types. Vehicles run on different types of liquid and gaseous fuels, as well as biofuels or their mixtures with conventional fuels. In addition, the Guidelines also address CO2 emissions from catalytic converters using urea.
CO 2 emissions from biofuels belong to another section of accounting and are accounted for separately as information units. This, as well as the fact of very small amounts of biofuel use in the coming years (less than 2%), became the basis for not including calculation technology in this methodology.
Urea catalytic converters produce CO 2 emissions from the decomposition of urea in an amount of 1 to 3% of CO 2 emissions from a car engine. This figure, when adjusted for the percentage of converters of this type in the country, turned out to be negligible. This also became the basis for not including this source of CO 2 emissions in this methodology.
To account for GHG emissions, there is a methodology in the Guidelines that is constantly being improved. An Inventory Guide has been developed to inventory all emissions into the atmosphere. By analogy with CORINAIR, road transport in the Guide is allocated to special group 7, in which three subgroups are distinguished (Table 1).
Table 1
Division of vehicles according to operating conditions
Continuation of Table 1
| 07 01 03 02 | ||
| 07 0103 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 01 04 | Cars | liquefied petroleum gas vehicles |
| 07 0104 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 01 04 02 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 01 04 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 0105 | Two-stroke gasoline vehicles | |
| 07 01 05 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 01 05 02 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 0105 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 02 | LIGHT VEHICLES | |
| 07 02 01 | Gasoline-powered light-duty vehicles | |
| 07 02 01 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 02 0102 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 02 01 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 02 02 | Light duty diesel vehicles | |
| 07 02 02 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 02 02 02 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 02 02 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 03 | HEAVY LOAD TRANSPORTATION | |
| 07 03 01 | Gasoline-powered heavy-duty vehicles | |
| 07 03 01 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 03 01 02 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 03 01 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 03 02 | Heavy-duty diesel vehicles | |
| 07 03 02 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 03 02 02 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 03 02 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 04 | MOPEDS and MOTORCYCLES< 50 см 3 | |
| 07 04 0101 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 04 01 02 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 05 | MOTORCYCLES > 50 cm 3 | |
| 07 05 01 | Driving on the highway | |
| 07 05 02 | Rural traffic | |
| 07 05 03 | Traffic in the city | |
| 07 06 | EVAPORATION OF GASOLINE FROM VEHICLES | |
For each of the subgroups, the need to take into account the characteristics of movement has been introduced, namely:
Traffic on highways;
Traffic in rural areas;
Traffic in the city.
A comparison of the vehicle classification in CORINAIR and in the (ECE) Manual is given in Table 2. It can be seen that the CORINAIR classification is easily extracted from the (UNECE-UNECE) Manual classification.
Table 2 Classification of vehicles used in calculations of pollutant emissions
| Transport type: | |
| By CORINAIR | According to UNECE |
| Cars | Category Ml: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having no more than 8 seats, excluding the driver's seat |
| Light-duty transport | Category N1: Vehicles used for the transport of goods and having a maximum weight not exceeding 3.5 tons |
| Heavy-duty transport | Category M2: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, excluding the driver's seat, with a maximum weight not exceeding 5 tons |
| Category M3: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, excluding the driver's seat, with a maximum weight exceeding 5 tons | |
| Category N2: Vehicles used for the transport of goods and having a maximum weight exceeding 3.5 tons but not exceeding 12 tons | |
| Category N3: Vehicles used for the transport of goods and having a maximum weight exceeding 12 tons | |
| Two wheeler | Category LI; L2; L3; L4; L5 - all types of motorcycles |
Thus, taking as a basis the classification of transport according to the Guidelines, one could expect that our methodology for calculating GHG emissions would be close to international approaches.
Unfortunately, much of the information required for calculations in accordance with the Guidelines is missing. Therefore, we have adopted an approach based on available data on vehicles, and at the same time quite close to the approaches of the Guide and CORINAIR.
GOAL AND TASKS
This regulatory document is intended for use by motor transport enterprises for independent annual calculation of greenhouse gas emissions.
The purpose of this regulatory document is to develop a scientifically based method that is close in structure to International and European approaches for assessing the volume of greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles of all types, acceptable for the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:
Study what information is available to any motor transport enterprise regarding the operating conditions of its technical equipment;
Study the currently known scientific literature, mainly from foreign countries, on specific GHG emissions from various types of transport and select the most appropriate one for the conditions of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
Develop a methodology for accounting for GHG emissions from enterprise vehicles;
Prepare a sample of emissions calculations to use as an example when making calculations at an enterprise.
SETTLEMENT PROCEDURE.
Theoretical basis
The main greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2), the methodology for calculating emissions of which is described in the Guide and is based on calculations using the oxidizable net carbon equation. This technique works well when applied to coal combustion. In theory, for every ton of carbon oxidized, there are 3.67 tons of carbon dioxide. In practice, due to the influence of a number of factors, noticeable deviations from the theory are possible, which must be taken into account. Such factors are the completeness of combustion, the presence of impurities in carbon (coal), the loss of part of the gaseous component during storage and preparation technology.
In relation to liquid hydrocarbons, the problem is somewhat complicated by the fact that there is only their general formula C n H m and the ratio between n and m fluctuates noticeably even for one type of fuel, for example, gasoline. The hydrogen component produces water during the oxidation process, and CO 2 emissions are associated with the oxidation of the carbon component. Hydrocarbons are characterized by significant losses due to evaporation.
As for other greenhouse gas emissions, their values depend on the operating mode of vehicle engines. The lowest emissions per unit of burned fuel occur during a certain steady state of operation with a warm engine. Transient modes, especially the mode of warming up a cold engine after starting, are accompanied by increased emissions of other GHGs.
Depending on the completeness of information, calculation of GHG emissions is possible at three levels: Level 1, 2 and 3.
The more information about the type of vehicle, its operating mode and operating features, the higher the level and more accurate the result.
In general, the stages of GHG emissions assessment are presented in Fig. 1.
Rice. 1. Stages of estimating emissions from road transport
It can be seen that CO 2 emissions are usually assessed separately from CH 4 And N2O. In Fig. Figure 2 presents a general decision-making scheme depending on the completeness of information and the choice of calculation level.
Rice. 2. Decision tree for CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion in road vehicles.
For Kazakhstan, it is possible to perform calculations at Level 1 using some of the capabilities of Level 2.
3.2. CO 2 emissions
Emissions of the main greenhouse gas at level 1 for all types of automobile gasoline and diesel engines, regardless of technical condition, are calculated using the formula:
(1)
Where m m– the amount burned by cars of this class (fuel consumption, tons);
k m– conversion factor, TJ(units of fuel);
k e– emission factor CO2 for a given type of fuel, which is taken from Table 4 by default.
n – number of cars for which emissions are then summed CO 2.
All coefficients necessary for calculations are given in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3 Conversion factors for calculating emissions CO 2
The calculation results for each class of vehicle and for each type of fuel are then combined into a common table.
Emissions of other greenhouse gases
Decision tree for calculating emissions CH 4 And N2O shown in Fig. 3.
Rice. 3. Decision tree for emissions CH 4 And N2O from fuel combustion in road vehicles.
From the structure of the scheme and the requirements contained in it, it is clear that if there is no mileage data, then level 3 cannot be used. Availability of data on vehicle types and fuels burned (technology types) allows calculations to be performed at Tier 2. In this case, greenhouse gas emissions for one vehicle are defined as:
(2)
Where m j– specific greenhouse gas emissions CH 4 And N2O car with engine type k,(kg/TJ) (see Table 5);
Tk– burned fuel for the billing period, thousand tons;
k m – conversion factor for fuel thousand tons to TJ (see Table 3);
PR jk– the product of the influence coefficients of the following factors: technical condition ( P) and car age ( R) for the release of the i-th gas (see Table 6);
n is the number of cars for which emissions are then summed up.
Calculation of GHG emissions is provided for the following groups of vehicles:
Trucks and special trucks with a gasoline engine;
Trucks and special trucks with diesel engines;
Buses with gasoline engines;
Service and special cars.
The coefficients required for calculations are given in tables 3, 4 and 5.
Table 5. Emission factors N2O And CH 4 default for road transport
| Fuel Type/Representative Vehicle Category | CH 4(kg/TJ) | N2O(kg/TJ) | ||||
| Default | Lower | Upper | Default | Lower | Upper | |
| motor gasoline - uncontrolled | 9,6 | 3,2 | 0,96 | |||
| motor gasoline – oxidation catalyst | 7,5 | 8,0 | 2,6 | |||
| Automotive Gasoline - Light duty, low mileage trucks manufactured in 1995 or later. | 3,8 | 1,1 | 5,7 | 1,9 | ||
| Gasoline / Diesel | 3,9 | 1,6 | 9,5 | 3,9 | 1,3 | |
| Natural gas | ||||||
| Liquefied Petroleum Gas | na | na | 0,2 | na | na | |
| Ethanol, trucks, USA | ||||||
| Ethanol, cars, Brazil | na | na | na | |||
The values of the coefficients for taking into account the technical condition (P) and age of the car (R) for the emission of the i-th gas
Table 6
Coefficient P
R-factor
EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION
Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from motor transport in Almaty (2008).
Let us immediately note that the use of this methodology involves accounting for greenhouse gas emissions by enterprises, and not by administrative units. Therefore, if necessary, GHG emissions in Almaty should be calculated as the sum of emissions of these gases by automobile enterprises located in the city.
The given example of calculation, therefore, is intended only to demonstrate the technology of calculations on real data using the methodology outlined above. The distribution of vehicles by category is shown in Table 7.
Table 7.
Fuel consumption by type is shown in Table 8
Table 8.
Distribution of fuel consumption.
A. GHG emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles.
Table 10. Number of emissions CO 2
For the calculations contained in Table 10, the coefficient for converting fuel into [TJ] is taken from Table 3. Specific coefficient for CO 2 was taken from Table 4 “by default”, which was converted to [t/TJ] for ease of calculation.
CH4 emissions.
Table 11. Number of emissions CH 4 from gasoline-powered vehicles.
N2O emissions.
Table 12 Amount of N 2 O emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles.
Note: Since GHG emissions for motor transport in Kazakhstan are assumed to be uncontrolled, the specific coefficients are taken from the first line of Table 5 “by default” and are the same for both types of vehicles, as recommended by the Guide.
So, emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles are:
CO 2– 2,385,716.1 tons.
CH 4– 1,136.4 t
N2O– 110.2 t
B. GHG emissions from vehicles running on diesel fuel.
EmissionsCO 2
Table 13. Number of emissions CO 2
CH4 emissions.
Table 14. Number of emissions CH 4 from vehicles running on diesel fuel.
EmissionsN2O .
Table 15 Amount of N 2 O emissions from vehicles running on diesel fuel.
So, emissions from vehicles running on diesel fuel are:
CO 2– 987,740.5 tons.
CH 4– 207.25 t
N2O– 207.25 t
Note:
1. Emissions CH 4 And N2O turned out to be the same due to the equality of specific emission factors CH 4 And N2O“by default” (Table 5).
2. Calculations at level 1 can be simplified due to the fact that the “default” coefficients for different types of transport are the same. The following example of calculating emissions from gas-powered vehicles is done exactly this way.
B. Calculation of GHG emissions from gas-powered vehicles
EmissionsCO 2
Table 16. Number of emissions CO 2
CH4 emissions.
Table 17. Number of emissions CH 4 from cars running on gas.
EmissionsN2O .
Table 18 Amount of N 2 O emissions from gas-powered vehicles.
So, emissions from gas-powered vehicles are:
CO 2– 250952.1 t.
CH 4– 410.5 t
N2O– 13.4 t
Let's estimate the total GHG emissions from the city's vehicles.
Table 19 Amount of greenhouse gas emissions
Note:
1. Final calculations should be presented in the same way as Table 19.
2. If there are international flights, then calculations for such routes must be performed and presented separately from flights within the city and country.
Zaporozhye State Engineering Academy
student (master)
Scientific supervisor: Irina Anatolyevna Nazarenko, Associate Professor, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Zaporozhye State Engineering Academy
Annotation:
The work shows the environmental and economic efficiency of using biogas at a brewery. The article uses the standard methodology for determining greenhouse gas emissions by level. Calculations were performed for natural gas and biogas. The results obtained showed that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of natural gas and biogas on LOOS boilers at PJSC Carlsberg Ukraine is decreasing. The effectiveness of co-combustion of these types of fuel has been proven. It has been shown that the co-combustion of natural gas and biogas will reduce emissions of emission gases by 10%.
This paper shows the environmental and economic efficiency of biogas in the brewery. The article used the standard method for determination of greenhouse gas emissions through the levels. Calculations for natural gas and biogas. The results of the calculations showed that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of natural gas and biogas in the boilers of the company "LOOS" JSC "Carlsberg Ukraine" reduced. The efficiency of co-combustion of these fuels. It is shown that co-combustion of natural gas and biogas will reduce the emission of emission gases by 10%.
Keywords:
greenhouse gases; greenhouse gas emissions; biogas.
greenhouse gases; greenhouse gas emissions; biogas
UDC 504.7
Introduction.The continuous growth of modern society's energy needs leads to an increase in the consumption of fossil fuel and energy resources and, accordingly, to an increase in the emission of combustion products into the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases, an increase in the concentration of which in the atmosphere is one of the likely causes of irreversible climate change.
One of the main ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save traditional fuels is to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. One such source may be biogas.
The main criteria when choosing a technology for the energy use of biogas are economic indicators and the amount of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions given the permissible amount of pollutant emissions. If economic criteria are known and used quite effectively in practice, then existing environmental criteria do not allow an objective comparison of various technologies and equipment using different types of biofuels, as well as fully taking into account the influence of the type and quality of the replaced fuel.
Methodology.Depending on the completeness of the information, it is possible to estimate greenhouse gas emissions at three levels. The more information about the combustion technology used, the higher the level of assessment can be. So, if only data on the amount of fuel burned per year is known, then calculations are possible only at level 1. If national data on specific emission factors for these emission sources and fuel type are available, and the carbon content of the fuels used is also known, then calculations can be performed at Tier 2.
In the simplest case, when calculating at level 1, emissions of any greenhouse gas M GHG, primarily CO 2, are determined by formula (1)
M pg =∑m*k*k pg *F (1)
where m is the amount of fuel of this type burned, in tons;
k - coefficient for converting fuel from thousand tons. in terraJoules,
k pg - specific carbon emission factor. for CO 2 k pg =V CO2 *44/15
F - oxidation fraction. It is assumed that Ф = 1. This coefficient is necessary for better agreement with the theory and understanding of the physical essence of the calculations.
n is the number of fuels that were used.
For each type, calculations are performed independently, and the amounts of one or another greenhouse gas are then added up.
Results. Using the above methodology, an assessment of greenhouse gas emissions was carried out at the enterprise PJSC Carlsberg Ukraine (Zaporozhye). In 2009-2010, Carlsberg Ukraine reconstructed the steam boiler with modernization of burners to operate on both natural gas and a mixture of biogas. A gas pipeline was laid from the treatment facilities to the boiler house to transport biogas and its subsequent combustion in the boiler house. The boiler house burns about 3,606,000 m3 per year 3
natural gas and 470,000 m 3
biogas. Consider greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O. Since there is no data on the fuel combustion mode other than its quantity, calculations will have to be performed for CO 2
at level 2, and for CH 4 and N 2 O at level 1. Let us first estimate CO emissions 2
from the combustion of natural gas, based on formula 1. It is assumed that only natural gas is burned for technological needs. Calculation results for CO emissions 2
are located in table 1.
Table 1 - Results of calculations of CO emissions 2
from burning natural gas
Thus, CO emissions 2 from the combustion of natural gas amounted to 7,726,641.68 tons per year.
Let's estimate CO emissions 2 in the case when part of the natural gas is replaced by biogas. The results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Results of calculations of CO emissions 2 from biogas combustion
|
Fuel |
Quantity, thousand nm 3 /year |
Conversion factor to TJ |
TJ quantity |
Specific emission factor t/TJ |
CO 2 emissions, t |
|
Natural gas |
3606000 |
34,08 |
122892,48 |
6835689,4 |
|
|
Biogas |
470000 |
5,61 |
2636,7 |
90008,2 |
Total CO emissions 2 boiler house combustion of natural gas and biogas amounted to 6,925,697.53 tons per year.
CH 4 and N 2 emissions O are calculated from the same amount of natural gas, and for CO 2 . Results of CH emissions calculations 4 and N 2 O are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 - CH emissions value 4 and N 2 O from burning natural gas
CH emission factors 4 , data in table 3 in kg/TJ, presented by us for convenience in tones/TerraJoule. For coefficient N 2 O calculations were performed similarly.
Total emissions from the boiler house when burning natural gas were:
a) CO 2 7726641.68 tons;
b) CH 4 - 138.91 t;
c) N 2 O - 138.1 t.
To get the result in CO 2 -equivalently, we multiply methane emissions with the global warming potential of methane - 21, and nitrous oxide emissions by the global warming potential of 310. Thus, the total emissions are obtained in the amount of 7,772,621 tons of CO 2 equivalents.
When burning natural gas and biogas, the values of CH emissions 4 and N 2 O are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 - Value of vikidіv CH 4 and N 2 About the type of sputtering of natural gas with biogas
|
Fuel |
Quantity, thousand nm 3 /year |
Specific emission factor CH 4 t/TJ |
CH 4 emissions, t |
N2O specific emission factor t/TJ |
N2O emissions, t |
|
Natural gas |
122892,48 |
0,001 |
122,9 |
0,001 |
122,9 |
|
Biogas |
2636,7 |
0,06 |
158,2 |
0,015 |
39,55 |
Total emissions from the boiler room for simultaneous combustion of natural gas and biogas were:
a) CO 2 6925697.53 tons;
b) CH 4 - 281.1 t;
c) N 2 O - 162.45 tons.
Total emissions were obtained in the amount of 6981960 tons of CO 2 - equivalent.
The reduction in emissions with the simultaneous combustion of natural gas and biogas in the boiler house is 790,661 tons of CO 2 - equivalent per year.
Conclusions. The article shows the efficiency of using biogas at PJSC Carlsberg Ukraine. This will ensure wastewater treatment from food industry enterprises and reduce the loss of space occupied by enterprise wastewater. Calculations have shown that the combined combustion of natural gas and biogas will reduce emissions of emission gases by 790,661 tons of CO 2 equivalent per year, which will improve the environmental situation in the Zaporozhye region. A significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will make it possible to attract additional funds under the Kyoto Protocol.
Bibliography:
1. Gubinsky M.V., Usenko A.Yu., Shevchenko G.L., Shishko Yu.V. Assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fuels and biomass. Quarterly scientific and practical journal 2’ 2007. Integrated technologies and energy saving. The university was founded by the Kharkiv State Polytechnic University in 1998.
2. National Metallurgical Academy of Ukraine. Usenko A. Yu. Improvement of the process of oxidative pyrolysis of biomass by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Abstract. Dissertations for the development of a scientific level candidate of technical sciences Dnipropetrovsk - 2006.
3. A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050 (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 8.3.2011 COM (2011) 112 final). // Official website of the European Union. / Mode of access: http://ec.europa.eu /clima/documentation /roadmap /docs/com_2011_112_en.pdf. - Date of access: 03/09/2011.
4. Belousov V.N., Smorodin S.N., Lakomkin V.Yu., Energy saving and greenhouse gas emissions (CO2). Tutorial. St. Petersburg 2014.
5. Methodological instructions. According to the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. Astana 2010.
Reviews:
10/1/2015, 11:11 Galkin Alexander Fedorovich
Review: The article was written on a current topic. It has elements of informative novelty and practical significance. Recommended for publication.
10/1/2015, 20:49 Lobanov Igor Evgenievich
Review: There is relevance of the work. In my opinion, the model used is quite primitive. The work does not provide sufficient justification for the use of this particular model. There are a lot of spelling errors: the article is unpleasant to read in this form - it is disrespectful to the readers of the article. Judging by the data presented in the article, the reduction in emissions will be less than 9%, but the author claims that there will be a significant improvement in the environmental situation. After answering the questions posed, the article may be recommended for publication.
13.10.2015 14:14 Response to the author’s review Evgeniy Nikolaevich Moiseev:
I agree with the number of spelling errors. Since the article was written and not reviewed. In the Energy sector, as part of quality control procedures, specialists from the BIAF Bureau of Integrated Analysis and Forecasts have prepared methodological recommendations for the inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels in accordance with the requirements of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006. The methodology is based on The methodology is mainly based on Level 1 methodology, and only in some cases on Level 2. Our enterprise is located in a clean ecological zone of the city and in connection with this point of view, the reduction of emissions has significant environmental indicators. Since there are many industrial enterprises in Zaporozhye that pollute the atmosphere.
The boiler room makes a greater contribution to CO2 air pollution.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion in boiler houses
The need for an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions is determined by Russia's participation in the UN Framework Convention on the Prevention of Global Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was concretized by the protocol adopted at an international conference in the Japanese city of Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol). According to this protocol, highly developed countries must reduce emissions at 1990 levels in the period until 2012. The protocol contains a “flexibility mechanism”, providing for trading quotas for greenhouse gas emissions. The Russian Federation signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1999. and has now ratified it.
A measure of the influence of greenhouse gases on climate is the forcing radiative forcing (sometimes called “climate forcing”). A forcing radiation effect is a disturbance in the energy balance of the Earth - the atmosphere, occurring, for example, after changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide. The climate system responds to radiative forcing in such a way as to restore energy balance. The positive forcing that occurs when greenhouse gas concentrations increase tends to warm the surface. The main greenhouse gas is CO2, accounting for about 80%.
CO2 emissions are calculated using the following method:
“International methodology for inventory of greenhouse gas emissions” St. Petersburg 2003.
Calculation of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion is divided into the following steps:
- 1) Determination of fuel consumption in weight units;
- 2) Adjustment for unburned carbon;
- 3) Calculation of energy release during fuel combustion;
- 4) Calculation of CO2 emissions;
Emissions are calculated using the formula:
E=M*K1*TNZ*K2*44/12*10-3, tons/year
Where: E - annual CO2 emissions in weight units (tons/year);
M - actual fuel consumption (fuel oil) per year (tons/year) M=19000;
K1 - coefficient of carbon oxidation in fuel (taking into account incomplete combustion of fuel);
TNZ - net calorific value (J/ton);
K2 - carbon emission factor (tons/J),
Burning fuel oil in a boiler room:
E=8776*0.99*40.19*21.1*44/12*10-3=27015 tons/year
