Home Engine Summary of the life of the extraordinary and amazing. Composing a hymn to the ordinary working man in Daniel Defoe's novel, life is both extraordinary and amazing. How to get rid of hot flashes during menopause

Engine

Summary of the life of the extraordinary and amazing. Composing a hymn to the ordinary working man in Daniel Defoe's novel, life is both extraordinary and amazing. How to get rid of hot flashes during menopause

Good day, dear women!

In this article we will talk about menopause and everything connected with it: the causes of menopause, the beginning of menopause, its stages and signs, and we will also learn what hot flashes are during menopause and what remedies are available so that this period of life does not cause you various inconveniences.

Climax is a special period in a woman’s life when her reproductive and menstrual functions decline. This is a natural period that every woman goes through. You shouldn't be afraid of it, you just need to know how to handle it correctly.

Menopause (age). As a rule, for most women, menopause occurs after the age of 45, but it can begin earlier, everything is very individual.

For some women, menopause is mild and does not cause any inconvenience, while for others it is very acute and painful. During menopause, metabolism slows down, hormone production decreases, cell renewal also slows down, and diseases can occur that are very rare or not encountered at all in youth.

Symptoms of menopause

Menopause has the following series of symptoms:

Tides (more details below);
- pressure drops;
- frequent mood changes for no reason;
- cardiopalmus;
- increased sweating;
- increased sensitivity and nervous excitability;
- sleep disturbance;
- migraine;
- skin withering, sudden appearance of wrinkles;
- poor health, general weakness;
- shortness of breath and lack of air;
- dizziness;
- nausea;
- imbalance when walking;
- weight gain;
- decreased libido;
- dryness and itching in the vagina;
- pain when urinating;
- absent-mindedness, forgetfulness.

In some cases, symptoms such as depression, loss of consciousness, vomiting, and even heart attack occur.

Hot flashes during menopause

This condition is the most important sign of menopause, in which a woman is overcome by a wave, expressed by rapid heartbeat, a rush of heat and increased sweating. With all this, at first the woman’s face and neck turn red.

Hot flashes may also be accompanied by the following symptoms: nausea, headache, dizziness, anxiety.

After the hot flash, the body becomes covered in profuse cold sweat and chills occur.

How to get rid of hot flashes during menopause, read a little lower in the article.

Stages of menopause (sexual development of women)

From the point of view of the production of female sex hormones, a woman’s whole life is divided into:

Premenopause– the period of time from the moment of the first menstruation (menstruation) until the end of regular menstruation. Approximate age - from 13 to 45 years.

Perimenopause- the period of time before and after menopause. This period begins mainly 4-5 years before menopause (approximate age 45-47 years) and continues for a year after the cessation of menstruation.

The first and main sign of the onset of perimenopause is a change in the menstrual cycle, its duration and the amount of blood loss. During this period, major hormonal changes occur in a woman’s body. The level of female sex hormones (estrogens) begins to fluctuate and decreases. Due to the deficiency of these hormones, all the symptoms of menopause appear, which I wrote about just above in the article.

Menopause- time of last menstruation. Menopause can only be established after 1 year without menstruation. The average age of menopause is 50-52 years, but women who smoke may experience menopause a couple of years earlier.

Postmenopause- a period of time starting a year after menopause and until the end of life, marked by a deficiency of female sex hormones.

Menopause symptoms last 2 to 5 years after menopause and then disappear.
But symptoms such as dryness and itching in the vagina, as well as pain when urinating, may worsen over time, so it is necessary to constantly take a complex of vitamins. Also, in the first years after menopause, bone loss occurs and vascular changes begin to progress. These changes in the body increase the risk of osteoporosis (decreased bone density and increased fragility), which can lead to frequent bone fractures, as well as the risk of heart disease.

Menopause is a period that includes perimenopause, menopause and postmenopause.

Treatment of menopause

Of course, there is no cure for menopause; every woman goes through it, but with the help of certain medications you can reduce the severity of symptoms, maintain efficiency and prevent rapid aging of the body.

General rules for treating menopause

Proper nutrition with plenty of fruits and vegetables (food fortified with vitamins);
- mandatory presence of dairy products in the daily diet (cottage cheese, yogurt, milk, sour cream, etc.);
- exclusion of fatty, spicy and salty foods;
- giving up bad habits (smoking, alcohol);
- fitness classes, gymnastics, recreational physical education or daily walks in the fresh air, on foot or by bike;
- reduce the consumption of tea and coffee, which are better replaced with herbal tea;
- take vitamins;
- wear clothes made from natural fabrics;
- follow the rules of personal hygiene.

How to get rid of hot flashes during menopause

As I already said, hot flashes during menopause are the most “strong” symptoms of this period for every woman. Let's look at simple and effective tips that will help you avoid all the unpleasant sensations of hot flashes or at least reduce their severity:

Stay calm, because the main friend of hot flashes is stress (for this you can take the soothing herbal tea described in the article below);

Always carry a bottle of cool water with you, and when you feel the onset of the tide, just take a couple sip and the tide will go away;

If you feel the onset of the tide, but there is no water with you, then just close your eyes and breathe deeply, this will calm the nervous system and prevent the tide;

Always and everywhere try to take a fan with you, and when you feel the onset of the tide, simply fan yourself with a fan.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

The main method of prevention and correction of disorders caused by estrogen (female hormone) deficiency during menopause is hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Drugs used in HRT are divided into:

Preparations containing only estrogens;
- combination drugs that include estrogen and progesterone.

This therapy has many contraindications (HRT cannot be used): if you or your family have had breast cancer, endometrial cancer, melanoma, any forms of hereditary and acquired thrombophilias, autoimmune diseases, diseases of the liver and biliary tract, bleeding from the genital tract, endometriosis, uterine fibroids or progressive diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Medicines for menopause

"Feminal". Contains red clover extract, helps eliminate estrogen deficiency and reduces the severity of hot flashes.

"Klimadinon". It also helps eliminate estrogen deficiency and reduce the severity of hot flashes. Contains cohosh racemosa extract.

"Tsi-Klim". Helps eliminate estrogen deficiency and reduce the severity of hot flashes. Contains cohosh racemosa extract.

"Lefem". Helps replenish the lack of estrogen in the body, reduces the severity of symptoms that occur during menopause.

"Red Brush". Normalizes hormonal balance in the body, reduces the severity of menopause symptoms, helps strengthen the immune system, increases performance, protects against the development of cancer, and helps cleanse the blood.

"Tribestan". It has a stimulating effect on the functioning of the reproductive system, helping to reduce the severity of menopausal symptoms. It has a general strengthening effect and increases sexual desire. Effectively lowers blood cholesterol levels.

"Estrovel." Used to relieve symptoms of menopause. "Estrovel" also helps eliminate estrogen deficiency, reduce the severity of hot flashes, correct the psycho-emotional state, reduce the risk of formation of estrogen-dependent tumors, normalize hematological parameters, immunocorrection, prevent osteoporosis, and eliminate vitamin deficiency (beriberi). The drug contains: cohosh racemosa extract, soybean, wild yam root, indole-3-carbinol, nettle leaf extract, boron, vitamin E, vitamin B6, folic acid, amino acids (5-hydroxytryptophan, D, L-phenylalanine).

"Ovariamin". Complex biologically active drug. Helps restore ovarian function during menopause.

"Inoclim". It has an estrogen-like effect, helps prevent and reduce the intensity of menopause symptoms. The drug has no side effects.

"Epifamin". Helps normalize hormonal metabolism in the body, corrects the functioning of the immune system, regulates blood clotting, and stimulates hematopoiesis. It also helps improve well-being, increases performance, normalizes the psycho-emotional state, and effectively eliminates symptoms such as insomnia, headaches, and dizziness.

Folk remedies for menopause

Herbal collection. Take herbs: 20 g of sweet woodruff, 20 g of motherwort, 15 g of marsh grass, 10 g of hawthorn flowers, 25 g of blackberry leaves. Grind and mix all the herbs. Brew as a simple tea. This collection must be drunk for 1.5-2 weeks and the result will be noticeable. Signs of menopause will decrease and headaches will go away.

You can also add 15 g of mistletoe leaves to this tea. Mistletoe tea should be drunk 1 liter per day. The nerves will calm down and heart function will normalize.

Beetroot juice. Squeeze out the beet juice and leave to stand for 5 minutes. Add carrot juice to it or dilute with water and drink.
Beetroot juice must be started with very small doses, and it must also be diluted with water or carrot juice.

Valerian root. Take 1 tbsp. spoon of crushed valerian root and pour 1 glass of boiling water. Let it brew for 2 hours. Drink 0.5 cups 2 times a day daily (morning and evening).

Salvia officinalis. 1-2 tbsp. Pour 2 cups of boiling water over spoons of sage and leave to brew. This is the daily norm, which should be drunk during the day (contraindicated in acute nephritis and pregnancy).

Lemon. Grind the lemons (with peel) in a meat grinder. Grind the shells of 5 chicken eggs to a powder. Mix and let brew for 7 days. Take 3 times a day, 1 tbsp. spoon for a month.

Walnut partitions. Take the partitions of 5 walnuts and pour 1 glass of cold water overnight. In the morning, boil for a couple of minutes, let it brew for 10 minutes, strain and drink on an empty stomach.

Hawthorn. 3 tbsp. Pour 3 cups of boiling water over spoons of hawthorn flowers. Take 1 glass 3 times a day.

Blackberry. Just eat blackberries and make tea from them.

Cabbage. 1 hour before bedtime, squeeze and drink 0.5 cups of fresh white cabbage juice.

Herbal bath. Take herbs in equal proportions: calamus root, yarrow, thyme, oregano, pine buds, sage and wormwood (wormwood is a little more than other herbs). Grind and mix. Add 10 tbsp to 3 liters of boiling water. spoons of herbal mixture and boil a little. Add to bath water and soak in it for 10 minutes.

Aromatherapy. Oils that help relieve menopause symptoms include peppermint, jasmine, bergamot, frankincense, rose, cypress, lavender, clary sage, rosemary and violet leaf oil. Add a couple of drops to a warm bath or to the top bowl of an aroma lamp with water.

Daniel Defoe

"The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe"

The life, extraordinary and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years completely alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship except him died, with an account of his unexpected liberation by pirates; written by himself.

Robinson was the third son in the family, a spoiled child, he was not prepared for any craft, and from childhood his head was filled with “all sorts of nonsense” - mainly dreams of sea voyages. His eldest brother died in Flanders fighting the Spaniards, his middle brother went missing, and therefore at home they don’t want to hear about letting the last son go to sea. The father, “a sedate and intelligent man,” tearfully begs him to strive for a modest existence, extolling in every way the “average state” that protects a sane person from the evil vicissitudes of fate. The father's admonitions only temporarily reason with the 18-year-old teenager. The intractable son’s attempt to enlist his mother’s support was also unsuccessful, and for almost a year he tore at his parents’ hearts, until on September 1, 1651, he sailed from Hull to London, tempted by free travel (the captain was the father of his friend).

Already the first day at sea became a harbinger of future trials. The raging storm awakens repentance in the disobedient soul, which, however, subsided with the bad weather and was finally dispelled by drinking (“as usual among sailors”). A week later, in the Yarmouth roadstead, a new, much more ferocious storm hits. The experience of the crew, selflessly saving the ship, does not help: the ship is sinking, the sailors are picked up by a boat from a neighboring boat. On the shore, Robinson again experiences a fleeting temptation to heed a harsh lesson and return to his parents’ home, but “evil fate” keeps him on his chosen disastrous path. In London, he meets the captain of a ship preparing to sail to Guinea, and decides to sail with them - fortunately, it will not cost him anything, he will be the captain’s “companion and friend.” How the late, experienced Robinson will reproach himself for this calculated carelessness of his! If he had hired himself as a simple sailor, he would have learned the duties and work of a sailor, but as it is, he is just a merchant making a successful return on his forty pounds. But he acquires some kind of nautical knowledge: the captain willingly works with him, passing the time. Upon returning to England, the captain soon dies, and Robinson sets off on his own to Guinea.

It was an unsuccessful expedition: their ship is captured by a Turkish corsair, and young Robinson, as if in fulfillment of his father’s gloomy prophecies, goes through a difficult period of trials, turning from a merchant into a “pathetic slave” of the captain of a robber ship. He uses him for housework, does not take him to sea, and for two years Robinson has no hope of breaking free. Meanwhile, the owner relaxes his supervision, sends the prisoner with the Moor and the boy Xuri to fish for the table, and one day, having sailed far from the shore, Robinson throws the Moor overboard and persuades Xuri to escape. He is well prepared: in the boat there is a supply of crackers and fresh water, tools, guns and gunpowder. On the way, the fugitives shoot animals on the shore, even kill a lion and a leopard; the peace-loving natives supply them with water and food. Finally they are picked up by an oncoming Portuguese ship. Condescending to the plight of the rescued man, the captain undertakes to take Robinson to Brazil for free (they are sailing there); Moreover, he buys his longboat and “faithful Xuri,” promising in ten years (“if he accepts Christianity”) to return the boy’s freedom. “It changed things,” Robinson concludes complacently, having put an end to his remorse.

In Brazil, he settles down thoroughly and, it seems, for a long time: he receives Brazilian citizenship, buys land for tobacco and sugar cane plantations, works hard on it, belatedly regretting that Xuri is not nearby (how an extra pair of hands would have helped!). Paradoxically, he comes precisely to that “golden mean” with which his father seduced him - so why, he now laments, leave his parents’ home and climb to the ends of the world? The planter neighbors are friendly to him and willingly help him; he manages to get the necessary goods, agricultural tools and household utensils from England, where he left money with the widow of his first captain. Here he should calm down and continue his profitable business, but the “passion for wandering” and, most importantly, the “desire to get rich sooner than circumstances allowed” prompt Robinson to sharply break his established way of life.

It all started with the fact that the plantations required workers, and slave labor was expensive, since the delivery of blacks from Africa was fraught with the dangers of a sea crossing and was also complicated by legal obstacles (for example, the English parliament would allow the trade in slaves to private individuals only in 1698) . Having heard Robinson's stories about his trips to the shores of Guinea, the plantation neighbors decide to equip a ship and secretly bring slaves to Brazil, dividing them here among themselves. Robinson is invited to participate as a ship's clerk, responsible for the purchase of blacks in Guinea, and he himself will not invest any money in the expedition, but will receive slaves on an equal basis with everyone else, and even in his absence, his companions will oversee his plantations and look after his interests. Of course, he is seduced by favorable conditions, habitually (and not very convincingly) cursing his “vagrant inclinations.” What “inclinations” if he thoroughly and sensibly, observing all the formalities, disposes of the property he leaves behind! Never before had fate warned him so clearly: he set sail on the first of September 1659, that is, to the day eight years after escaping from his parental home. In the second week of the voyage, a fierce squall hit, and for twelve days they were torn by the “fury of the elements.” The ship sprang a leak, needed repairs, the crew lost three sailors (seventeen people in total on the ship), and there was no longer a way to Africa - they would rather get to land. A second storm breaks out, they are carried far from the trade routes, and then, in sight of land, the ship runs aground, and on the only remaining boat the crew “surrenders to the will of the raging waves.” Even if they do not drown while rowing to the shore, the surf near land will tear their boat to pieces, and the approaching land seems to them “more terrible than the sea itself.” A huge shaft “the size of a mountain” capsizes the boat, and Robinson, exhausted and miraculously not killed by the overtaking waves, gets out onto land.

Alas, he alone escaped, as evidenced by three hats, a cap and two unpaired shoes thrown ashore. The ecstatic joy is replaced by grief for dead comrades, the pangs of hunger and cold, and fear of wild animals. He spends the first night on a tree. By morning, the tide has driven their ship close to the shore, and Robinson swims to it. He builds a raft from spare masts and loads it with “everything necessary for life”: food supplies, clothing, carpentry tools, guns and pistols, shot and gunpowder, sabers, saws, an ax and a hammer. With incredible difficulty, at the risk of capsizing every minute, he brings the raft into a calm bay and sets off to find a place to live. From the top of the hill, Robinson becomes aware of his “bitter fate”: this is an island, and, by all indications, uninhabited. Protected on all sides by chests and boxes, he spends the second night on the island, and in the morning he swims to the ship again, hurrying to take what he can before the first storm breaks him into pieces. On this trip, Robinson took many useful things from the ship - again guns and gunpowder, clothes, a sail, mattresses and pillows, iron crowbars, nails, a screwdriver and a sharpener. On the shore, he builds a tent, transfers food supplies and gunpowder into it from the sun and rain, and makes a bed for himself. In total, he visited the ship twelve times, always getting hold of something valuable - canvas, tackle, crackers, rum, flour, “iron parts” (to his great chagrin, he drowned them almost entirely). On his last trip, he came across a wardrobe with money (this is one of the famous episodes of the novel) and philosophically reasoned that in his situation, all this “pile of gold” was not worth any of the knives lying in the next drawer, however, after reflection, “he decided to take them with you." That same night a storm broke out, and the next morning there was nothing left of the ship.

Robinson's first concern is the arrangement of reliable, safe housing - and most importantly, in view of the sea, from where only salvation can be expected. On the slope of a hill, he finds a flat clearing and on it, against a small depression in the rock, he decides to pitch a tent, enclosing it with a palisade of strong trunks driven into the ground. It was possible to enter the “fortress” only by a ladder. He expanded the hole in the rock - it turned out to be a cave, he uses it as a cellar. This work took many days. He is quickly gaining experience. In the midst of construction work, rain poured down, lightning flashed, and Robinson’s first thought: gunpowder! It was not the fear of death that frightened him, but the possibility of losing gunpowder at once, and for two weeks he poured it into bags and boxes and hid it in different places (at least a hundred). At the same time, he now knows how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Without numbers (money, goods, cargo) Robinson is no longer Robinson.

Involved in historical memory, growing from the experience of generations and hoping for the future, Robinson, although alone, is not lost in time, which is why the primary concern of this life-builder becomes the construction of a calendar - this is a large pillar on which he makes a notch every day. The first date there is the thirtieth of September 1659. From now on, each of its days is named and taken into account, and for the reader, especially the one of that time, the reflection of a great history falls on the works and days of Robinson. During his absence, the monarchy was restored in England, and Robinson’s return “set the stage” for the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688, which brought William of Orange, Defoe’s benevolent patron, to the throne; in the same years, the “Great Fire” (1666) would occur in London, and the revived urban planning would change the appearance of the capital beyond recognition; during this time Milton and Spinoza will die; Charles II will issue a "Habeas Corpus Act" - a law on the inviolability of the person. And in Russia, which, as it turns out, will also be not indifferent to the fate of Robinson, at this time Avvakum is burned, Razin is executed, Sophia becomes regent under Ivan V and Peter I. These distant lightning flickers over a man firing a clay pot.

Among the “not particularly valuable” things taken from the ship (remember “a bunch of gold”) were ink, feathers, paper, “three very good Bibles,” astronomical instruments, telescopes. Now that his life is getting better (by the way, three cats and a dog live with him, also from the ship, and then a moderately talkative parrot will be added), it’s time to comprehend what is happening, and, until the ink and paper run out, Robinson keeps a diary so that “at least relieve your soul somehow.” This is a kind of ledger of “evil” and “good”: in the left column - he is thrown onto a desert island without hope of deliverance; on the right - he is alive, and all his comrades drowned. In his diary, he describes in detail his activities, makes observations - both remarkable (regarding barley and rice sprouts) and everyday ones (“It rained.” “It rained again all day”).

An earthquake forces Robinson to think about a new place to live - it is not safe under the mountain. Meanwhile, a wrecked ship washes up on the island, and Robinson takes building materials and tools from it. During these same days, he is overcome by a fever, and in a feverish dream a man “engulfed in flames” appears to him, threatening him with death because he “has not repented.” Lamenting his fatal delusions, Robinson for the first time “in many years” says a prayer of repentance, reads the Bible - and receives treatment to the best of his ability. Rum infused with tobacco will wake him up, after which he sleeps for two nights. Accordingly, one day fell out of his calendar. Having recovered, Robinson finally explores the island where he has lived for more than ten months. In its flat part, among unknown plants, he meets acquaintances - melon and grapes; The latter makes him especially happy; he will dry it in the sun, and in the off-season the raisins will strengthen his strength. And the island is rich in wildlife - hares (very tasteless), foxes, turtles (these, on the contrary, pleasantly diversify its table) and even penguins, which cause bewilderment in these latitudes. He looks at these heavenly beauties with a master's eye - he has no one to share them with. He decides to build a hut here, fortify it well and live for several days at a “dacha” (that’s his word), spending most of his time “on the old ashes” near the sea, from where liberation can come.

Working continuously, Robinson, for the second and third year, does not give himself any relief. Here is his day: “Religious duties and reading of the Holy Scriptures are in the foreground<…>The second of the daily tasks was hunting<…>The third was the sorting, drying and cooking of killed or caught game." Add to this the care of the crops, and then the harvest; add livestock care; add housework (making a shovel, hanging a shelf in the cellar), which takes a lot of time and effort due to a lack of tools and inexperience. Robinson has the right to be proud of himself: “With patience and labor, I completed all the work that I was forced to do by circumstances.” Just kidding, he will bake bread without salt, yeast or a suitable oven!

His cherished dream remains to build a boat and get to the mainland. He doesn’t even think about who or what he will meet there; the main thing is to escape from captivity. Driven by impatience, without thinking about how to get the boat from the forest to the water, Robinson cuts down a huge tree and spends several months carving a pirogue out of it. When she is finally ready, he never manages to launch her. He endures failure stoically: Robinson has become wiser and more self-possessed, he has learned to balance “evil” and “good.” He prudently uses the resulting leisure time to update his worn-out wardrobe: he “builds” himself a fur suit (pants and jacket), sews a hat and even makes an umbrella. Another five years pass in his daily work, marked by the fact that he finally built a boat, launched it into the water and equipped it with a sail. You can't get to a distant land on it, but you can go around the island. The current carries him out to the open sea, and with great difficulty he returns to the shore not far from the “dacha”. Having suffered through fear, he will lose the desire for sea walks for a long time. This year, Robinson improves in pottery and basket weaving (stocks are growing), and most importantly, gives himself a royal gift - a pipe! There is an abyss of tobacco on the island.

His measured existence, filled with work and useful leisure, suddenly bursts like a soap bubble. During one of his walks, Robinson sees a bare foot print in the sand. Scared to death, he returns to the “fortress” and sits there for three days, puzzling over an incomprehensible riddle: whose trace? Most likely these are savages from the mainland. Fear settles in his soul: what if he is discovered? The savages could eat him (he had heard of such a thing), they could destroy the crops and disperse the herd. Having started to go out little by little, he takes safety measures: he strengthens the “fortress” and arranges a new (distant) pen for the goats. Among these troubles, he again comes across human traces, and then sees the remains of a cannibal feast. It looks like guests have visited the island again. Horror possesses him for the entire two years that he remains on his part of the island (where the “fortress” and “dacha” are), living “always on the alert.” But gradually life returns to its “previous calm channel,” although he continues to make bloodthirsty plans to drive the savages away from the island. His ardor is cooled by two considerations: 1) these are tribal feuds, the savages personally did nothing wrong to him; 2) why are they worse than the Spaniards, who flooded South America with blood? These conciliatory thoughts are not allowed to strengthen by a new visit to the savages (it is the twenty-third anniversary of his stay on the island), who landed this time on “his” side of the island. Having celebrated their terrible funeral feast, the savages sail away, and Robinson is still afraid to look towards the sea for a long time.

And the same sea beckons him with the hope of liberation. On a stormy night, he hears a cannon shot - some ship is giving a distress signal. All night he burns a huge fire, and in the morning he sees in the distance the skeleton of a ship crashed on the reefs. Longing for loneliness, Robinson prays to heaven that “at least one” of the crew will be saved, but “evil fate,” as if in mockery, throws the cabin boy’s corpse ashore. And he won’t find a single living soul on the ship. It is noteworthy that the meager “boot” from the ship does not upset him very much: he stands firmly on his feet, fully provides for himself, and only gunpowder, shirts, linen - and, according to old memory, money - make him happy. He is haunted by the thought of escaping to the mainland, and since this is impossible to do alone, Robinson dreams of saving a savage destined “for slaughter” for help, reasoning in the usual categories: “to acquire a servant, or perhaps a comrade or assistant.” For a year and a half he has been making the most ingenious plans, but in life, as usual, everything turns out simply: cannibals arrive, the prisoner escapes, Robinson knocks down one pursuer with the butt of a gun, and shoots another to death.

Robinson's life is filled with new - and pleasant - concerns. Friday, as he called the rescued man, turned out to be a capable student, a faithful and kind comrade. Robinson bases his education on three words: “Mr.” (meaning himself), “yes” and “no.” He eradicates bad savage habits, teaching Friday to eat broth and wear clothes, as well as “to know the true God” (before this, Friday worshiped “an old man named Bunamuki who lives high”). Mastering the English language. Friday says that his fellow tribesmen live on the mainland with seventeen Spaniards who escaped from the lost ship. Robinson decides to build a new pirogue and, together with Friday, rescue the prisoners. The new arrival of savages disrupts their plans. This time the cannibals bring a Spaniard and an old man, who turns out to be Friday's father. Robinson and Friday, who are no worse at handling a gun than their master, free them. The idea of everyone gathering on the island, building a reliable ship and trying their luck at sea appeals to the Spaniard. In the meantime, a new plot is being sown, goats are being caught - a considerable replenishment is expected. Having taken an oath from the Spaniard not to surrender him to the Inquisition, Robinson sends him with Friday's father to the mainland. And on the eighth day new guests arrive on the island. A mutinous crew from an English ship brings the captain, mate and passenger to massacre. Robinson can't miss this chance. Taking advantage of the fact that he knows every path here, he frees the captain and his fellow sufferers, and the five of them deal with the villains. The only condition that Robinson sets is to deliver him and Friday to England. The riot is pacified, two notorious scoundrels hang on the yardarm, three more are left on the island, humanely provided with everything necessary; but more valuable than provisions, tools and weapons is the experience of survival itself, which Robinson shares with the new settlers, there will be five of them in total - two more will escape from the ship, not really trusting the captain’s forgiveness.

Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey ended: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents died long ago, but a good friend, the widow of his first captain, is still alive. In Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury, and since it now turns out that he is alive, all the income for this period is returned to him. A wealthy man, he takes two nephews into his care, and trains the second to become a sailor. Finally, Robinson marries (he is sixty-one years old) “not without profit and quite successfully in all respects.” He has two sons and a daughter.

Robinson is the third son in the family. He dreamed of sea voyages, but his parents did not want to listen to this. But still, he sailed from Gul to London on the ship of his friend’s father on September 1, 1651. But on the very first day, repentance appeared, caused by the storm, and which calmed down along with the bad weather. In the next storm, the ship sinks, and the sailors are brought ashore on the boat of a passing ship. Robinson, frightened, wanted to return to his parents' house, but again ends up on board a ship sailing to Guinea.

As a result of the next expedition, Robinson became a “pathetic slave” of the captain of a robber ship. He runs away from him and ends up on a Portuguese ship. In Brazil, he receives citizenship and cultivates the acquired piece of land for sugar cane and tobacco. But again Robinson finds himself on board the ship - secretly traveling to Brazil with his slave plantation neighbors to work on their plantations. On the way, storms strike one after another, the ship, having strayed far from the trade routes, runs aground at the sight of land. The team boarded the boat on the raging waves, but a huge shaft capsized it. Robinson miraculously made it to land. The only one from the crew.

Shrouded in hunger, fear and grief for his dead comrades, Robinson spent his first night in a tree. In the morning, not far from the shore, there was a ship, driven by the tide. Having reached it, Robinson made a raft from masts, on which he transported everything necessary to the shore: tools, clothes, an axe, a hammer and guns. Having gone in search of housing, Robinson realizes that this is an uninhabited island. The next morning he again went to the ship, trying to bring as much as he could from there before another storm began, which that same night completely destroyed the ship.

Robinson arranged a safe home near the sea, where rescue could be expected. I pitched my tent on a flat clearing on the slope of a hill opposite a depression in the rock. He fences it with a palisade, driving strong trunks into the ground. Entrance to the fortress is only via a ladder. The expanded recess in the rock is used as a cellar. Having lived like this for quite a few days, you quickly gain experience. For two weeks he poured gunpowder into many small bags and hid them in different places from the rain. Getting used to his new life, Robinson changed a lot. Now his goal is to survive. In the process of one work, he notices something else that is beneficial. He has to master new professions, the laws of the world around him, and learn to interact with it. He mastered the skills of hunting goats, at the same time managed to tame several of them, adding meat and milk to his diet, and learned to make cheese. He managed to establish farming from barley and rice grains that were shaken out of the bag and sprouted.

In order not to get lost in time, Robinson built a wooden calendar on which he marked the days with a knife, making a notch. A dog and three cats (from the ship) live with him, and he has tamed a talking parrot. He keeps a diary - paper and ink also from the ship. Reads the Bible. After exploring the island, he finds grapes that are drying in the sun. Raisins provide strength. Feels like the owner of these heavenly beauties.

Years pass in daily work. He built a boat, but could not launch it - it was far from the shore. During his next walk, seeing a footprint in the sand, Robinson, frightened, begins to “strengthen himself.”

In his 23rd year on the island, he saw savages visiting his island to eat their prey. Robinson is scared. He dreams of escaping to the mainland, and to help with this he decided to free a captive savage, who will be brought to be eaten. Robinson accomplished this a year and a half later and named the rescued man Friday. He teaches him the craft, how to speak, how to wear clothes. Friday considers Robinson "God".

Together they will pacify the rebellious crew of the English ship, which will deliver the captain, assistant and passenger to their island. As a condition for the release of the ship, Robinson asks him and Friday to be taken to England, and the rebels to be left on the island for correction. And so it was done.

After 28 years, Robinson returned home. His parents died. All these years, his plantation was managed by an official from the treasury and Robinson received the income for the entire period. Being wealthy, he takes care of two nephews and marries “quite successfully” at the age of 62. He has two sons and a daughter.

Essays

Disclosure of the value of life in D. Defoe’s novel “The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” My favorite book is "Robinson Crusoe" Characteristics of the image of Robinson Crusoe Summary of "Robinson Crusoe" Life on an Island (based on the novel by D. Defoe "Robinson Crusoe") (2) Essay based on the novel by D. Defoe "Robinson Crusoe"

Daniel Defoe
The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe
Everyone knows this novel. Even those who have not read it (which is difficult to imagine) remember: a young sailor sets off on a long voyage and, after a shipwreck, ends up on a desert island. He spends there about twenty-eight years. That, in fact, is all the “content”. For more than two hundred years, humanity has been reading a novel; the list of his transcriptions, continuations and imitations is endless; economists build models of human existence (“Robinsonades”) based on it; J. J. Rousseau enthusiastically took him into his pedagogical system. What is the appeal of this book? "History", or life, of Robinson will help answer this question.
Robinson was the third son in the family, a spoiled child, he was not prepared for any craft, and from childhood his head was filled with “all sorts of nonsense” - mainly dreams of sea voyages. His eldest brother died in Flanders fighting the Spaniards, his middle brother went missing, and therefore at home they don’t want to hear about letting the last son go to sea. Father, “a sedate man and

1. Robinson is the surname of: A) Father. b) Mothers. c) I took it myself. When for the first time Robinson thought about the fact that he had left...Daniel Defoe Further adventures of Robinson Crusoe Peace is not for Robinson, he can hardly survive in England for several years: thoughts of the island haunt him during the day and...

A. N. Ostrovsky Dowry The action takes place in a large fictional city on the Volga - Bryakhimov. An open area near a coffee shop on Privolzhsky Boulevard. Knurov (“one of the big businessmen...

On April 25, 1719, the novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” by the English writer Daniel Defoe was published in London. This book is a fascinating story...

The action takes place in a large fictional city on the Volga - Bryakhimov. An open area near a coffee shop on Privolzhsky Boulevard. Knurov and Vozhevatov, having ordered champagne from a tea set,...

Robinson was the third son in a middle-class family, he was spoiled and not prepared for any craft. Since childhood, he dreamed of sea voyages. The hero's brothers died, so the family doesn't want to hear about letting the last son go to sea. His father begs him to strive for a modest, dignified existence. It is abstinence that will protect a sane person from the evil vicissitudes of fate.

However, the young man still goes to sea.

Storms, sailor drinking bouts, the possibility of death and a happy rescue - all this is met with heroism and abundance already in the first weeks of the voyage. In London, he meets the captain of a ship heading to Guinea. The captain has developed friendly feelings towards his new acquaintance and invites him to be his “companion and friend.” The captain does not take money from his new friend and does not require work. But still, the hero learned some nautical knowledge and acquired physical labor skills.

Robinson later travels to Guinea on his own. The ship is captured by Turkish corsairs. Robinson turned from a merchant into a “pathetic slave” on a robber ship. One day the owner let his guard down and our hero managed to escape with the boy Xuri.

The fugitives' boat contains a supply of crackers and fresh water, tools, guns and gunpowder. They are eventually picked up by a Portuguese ship, which transports Robinson to Brazil. An interesting detail that speaks about the morals of that time: the “noble captain” buys a longboat and “faithful Xuri” from the hero. However, Robinson's savior promises in ten years - "if he accepts Christianity" - to return the boy's freedom.

In Brazil, the hero buys land for tobacco and sugar cane plantations. He works hard, and his plantation neighbors are willing to help him. But the thirst for wandering and the dream of wealth again call Robinson to the sea. By the standards of modern morality, the business started by Robinson and his plantation friends is inhumane: they decide to equip a ship in order to bring black slaves to Brazil. Slaves are needed on plantations!

The ship was caught in a fierce storm and was wrecked. Of the entire crew, only Robinson makes it to land. This is an island. Moreover, judging by the inspection from the top of the hill, it is uninhabited. Fearing wild animals, the hero spends the first night in a tree. In the morning, he is happy to discover that the tide has driven their ship close to the shore. Robinson swims to it, builds a raft and loads it with “everything necessary for life”: food supplies, clothing, carpentry tools, guns, shot and gunpowder, saws, an ax and a hammer.

The next morning, the involuntary hermit goes to the ship, hurrying to take what he can before the first storm breaks the ship into pieces. On the shore, a thrifty and smart merchant builds a tent, hides food supplies and gunpowder in it from the sun and rain, and finally makes a bed for himself.

As he foresaw, the storm wrecked the ship and he was unable to profit from anything else.

Robinson does not know how long he will have to spend on the island, but the first thing he did was set up a reliable and safe home. And definitely in a place where you can see the sea! After all, only from there can one expect salvation. Robinson pitches a tent on a wide ledge of a rock, fencing it with a palisade of strong, pointed trunks driven into the ground. He built a cellar in a hole in the rock. This work took many days. At the first thunderstorm, the prudent merchant pours gunpowder into separate bags and boxes and hides them in different places. At the same time, he calculates how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Robinson constantly calculates everything.

The islander first hunts goats, then tames one goat - and soon he is engaged in cattle breeding, milking goats and even making cheese.

Randomly, grains of barley and rice spill out of the bag along with dust onto the ground. The islander thanks divine Providence and begins to sow the field. A few years later he is already harvesting. In the flat part of the island he finds melon and grapes. He learns to make raisins from grapes. Catches turtles, hunts hares.

The hero makes a notch on a large pillar every day. This is a calendar. Since there is ink and paper, Robinson keeps a diary in order to “at least somewhat ease my soul.” He describes in detail his activities and observations, trying to find not only despair in life, but also consolation. This diary is a kind of island scales of good and evil.

After a serious illness, Robinson begins to read the Holy Scriptures every day. His loneliness is shared by the rescued animals: dogs, a cat and a parrot.

My cherished dream remains to build a boat. What if you manage to get to the mainland? A stubborn man takes a long time to carve out a hollow pirogue from a huge tree. But he did not take into account that the pirogue is incredibly heavy! It is still not possible to launch it into the water. Robinson acquires new skills: he sculpts pots, weaves baskets, builds himself a fur suit: trousers, a jacket, a hat... And even an umbrella!

This is how he is depicted in traditional illustrations: overgrown with a beard, wearing homemade furry clothes and with a parrot on his shoulder.

In the end, they managed to make a boat with a sail and launch it into the water. It is useless for long journeys, but you can get around a rather large island by sea.

One day Robinson sees a bare foot print in the sand. He is scared and sits in the “fortress” for three days. What if they are cannibals, human eaters? Even if they don’t eat it, the savages can destroy the crops and disperse the herd.

Confirming his worst suspicions, having emerged from hiding, he sees the remains of a cannibal feast.

The islander is still worried. Once he managed to recapture a young savage from the cannibals. It was on Friday - that’s what Robinson called the rescued man. Friday turned out to be a capable student, a faithful servant and a good comrade. Robinson began to teach the savage, first of all teaching three words: “master” (meaning himself), “yes” and “no”. He teaches Friday to pray to “the true God, and not to “the old man Bunamooka who lives high on the mountain.”

The island, which had been deserted for many years, suddenly begins to be visited by people: they managed to recapture Friday’s father and the captive Spaniard from the savages. A team of rebels from an English ship brings the captain, mate and passenger to massacre. Robinson understands: this is a chance for salvation. He frees the captain and his comrades, and together they deal with the villains.

The two main conspirators are hanging on the yardarm, five more are left on the island. They are given provisions, tools and weapons.

Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey was completed: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents died long ago. Having gone to Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury. All income for this period was returned to the owner of the plantation. A rich traveler takes two nephews into his care, and designates the second as a sailor.

At sixty-one, Robinson marries. He has two sons and a daughter growing up.

Alas, he alone escaped, as evidenced by three hats, a cap and two unpaired shoes thrown ashore. The ecstatic joy is replaced by grief for dead comrades, the pangs of hunger and cold, and fear of wild animals. He spends the first night on a tree. By morning, the tide has driven their ship close to the shore, and Robinson swims to it. He builds a raft from spare masts and loads it with “everything necessary for life”: food supplies, clothing, carpentry tools, guns and pistols, shot and gunpowder, sabers, saws, an ax and a hammer. With incredible difficulty, at the risk of capsizing every minute, he brings the raft into a calm bay and sets off to find a place to live. From the top of the hill, Robinson understands his “bitter fate”: this is an island, and, by all indications, uninhabited. Protected on all sides by chests and boxes, he spends the second night on the island, and in the morning he swims to the ship again, hurrying to take what he can before the first storm breaks him into pieces. On this trip, Robinson took many useful things from the ship - again guns and gunpowder, clothes, a sail, mattresses and pillows, iron crowbars, nails, a screwdriver and a sharpener. On the shore, he builds a tent, transfers food supplies and gunpowder into it from the sun and rain, and makes a bed for himself. In total, he visited the ship twelve times, always getting hold of something valuable - canvas, tackle, crackers, rum, flour, “iron parts” (to his great chagrin, he drowned them almost entirely). On his last trip, he came across a wardrobe with money (this is one of the famous episodes of the novel) and philosophically reasoned that in his situation, all this “pile of gold” was not worth any of the knives lying in the next drawer, however, after reflection, “he decided to take them with you." That same night a storm broke out, and the next morning there was nothing left of the ship.

Robinson's first concern is the construction of reliable, safe housing - and most importantly, in view of the sea, from where only salvation can be expected. On the slope of a hill, he finds a flat clearing and on it, against a small depression in the rock, he decides to pitch a tent, enclosing it with a palisade of strong trunks driven into the ground. It was possible to enter the “fortress” only by a ladder. He expanded the hole in the rock - it turned out to be a cave, he uses it as a cellar. This work took many days. He is quickly gaining experience. In the midst of construction work, rain poured down, lightning flashed, and Robinson’s first thought: gunpowder! It was not the fear of death that frightened him, but the possibility of losing gunpowder at once, and for two weeks he poured it into bags and boxes and hid it in different places (at least a hundred). At the same time, he now knows how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Without numbers (money, goods, cargo) Robinson is no longer Robinson.

Involved in historical memory, growing from the experience of generations and hoping for the future, Robinson, although alone, is not lost in time, which is why the primary concern of this life-builder becomes the construction of a calendar - this is a large pillar on which he makes a notch every day. The first date there is the thirtieth of September 1659. From now on, each of his days is named and taken into account, and for the reader, especially the one of that time, the reflection of a great story falls on the works and days of Robinson. During his absence, the monarchy was restored in England, and Robinson’s return “set the stage” for the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688, which brought William of Orange, Defoe’s benevolent patron, to the throne; in the same years, the “Great Fire” (1666) would occur in London, and the revived urban planning would change the appearance of the capital beyond recognition; during this time Milton and Spinoza will die; Charles II will issue a "Habeas Corpus Act" - a law on the inviolability of the person. And in Russia, which, as it turns out, will also be not indifferent to the fate of Robinson, at this time Avvakum is burned, Razin is executed, Sophia becomes regent under Ivan V and Peter I. These distant lightning flickers over a man firing a clay pot.

An earthquake forces Robinson to think about a new place to live - it is not safe under the mountain. Meanwhile, a wrecked ship washes up on the island, and Robinson takes building materials and tools from it. During these same days, he is overcome by a fever, and in a feverish dream a man “engulfed in flames” appears to him, threatening him with death because he “has not repented.” Lamenting his fatal errors, Robinson for the first time “in many years” says a prayer of repentance, reads the Bible - and receives treatment to the best of his ability. Rum infused with tobacco will wake him up, after which he sleeps for two nights. Accordingly, one day fell out of his calendar. Having recovered, Robinson finally explores the island where he has lived for more than ten months. In its flat part, among unknown plants, he meets acquaintances - melon and grapes; The latter makes him especially happy; he will dry it in the sun, and in the off-season the raisins will strengthen his strength. And the island is rich in wildlife - hares (very tasteless), foxes, turtles (these, on the contrary, pleasantly diversify its table) and even penguins, which cause bewilderment in these latitudes. He looks at these heavenly beauties with a master's eye - he has no one to share them with. He decides to build a hut here, fortify it well and live for several days at a “dacha” (that’s his word), spending most of his time “on the old ashes” near the sea, from where liberation can come.

Working continuously, Robinson, for the second and third year, does not give himself any relief. Here is his day: “In the foreground were religious duties and the reading of the Holy Scriptures ‹…› The second of the daily tasks was hunting ‹…› The third was the sorting, drying and cooking of killed or caught game.” Add to this the care of the crops, and then the harvest; add livestock care; add housework (making a shovel, hanging a shelf in the cellar), which takes a lot of time and effort due to a lack of tools and inexperience. Robinson has the right to be proud of himself: “With patience and labor, I completed all the work that I was forced to do by circumstances.” Just kidding, he will bake bread without salt, yeast or a suitable oven!

And the same sea beckons him with the hope of liberation. On a stormy night, he hears a cannon shot - some ship is giving a distress signal. All night he burns a huge fire, and in the morning he sees in the distance the skeleton of a ship crashed on the reefs. Longing for loneliness, Robinson prays to heaven that “at least one” of the crew will be saved, but “evil fate,” as if in mockery, throws the cabin boy’s corpse ashore. And he won’t find a single living soul on the ship. It is noteworthy that the meager “boot” from the ship does not upset him very much: he stands firmly on his feet, completely provides for himself, and only gunpowder, shirts, linen - and, according to old memory, money - make him happy. He is haunted by the thought of escaping to the mainland, and since this is impossible to do alone, Robinson dreams of saving a savage destined “for slaughter” for help, reasoning in the usual categories: “to acquire a servant, or perhaps a comrade or assistant.” For a year and a half he has been making the most ingenious plans, but in life, as usual, everything turns out simply: cannibals arrive, the prisoner escapes, Robinson knocks down one pursuer with the butt of a gun, and shoots another to death.

Retold