How to introduce yourself to an audience. The concept of public speaking. Involve the audience in your performance

Instructions

Study the topic of your speech carefully. Take four sheets of paper and title them: “What is mandatory?”, “What else would be useful to say?”, “What can be mentioned in passing?”, “What should be kept silent?” Place all the thoughts that come to mind about the upcoming speech into one of the categories. This will help you structure all the content and choose the best one for entry.

Define goals and objectives. Clearly answer the questions for yourself: “What do I want to get as a result of the performance?”, “How do I understand that the goal has been achieved?”, “How quickly should the goal be achieved?”

Know your audience. It is impossible to achieve without understanding who is in the room and listening to your speech. The smaller the audience, the more complete the information about it should be. Everything is important: composition, competence, interests and needs, attitude towards you, questions that may be asked.

Prepare visual materials and equipment with which you will demonstrate all this. Take the time to check everything, extension cords and various devices. There is nothing more destructive to a successful performance than nervousness at the very beginning.

Prepare the performance area and provide clean drinking water. Think about your appearance in advance. Focus on the audience, you must inspire trust and feel like “your person” without saying a word.

The connection is very important. It should be such that the listeners will definitely want to sit until the end of your speech.

There are several ways to grab attention. Make a joke according to the moment, and prepare the joke in advance. No improvisations.

Surprise. To do this, cite a paradoxical fact at the beginning of your speech and explain how it relates to the topic of your speech.

Scare me. Describe the situation and problem that threatens humanity, and then casually tell how you can save the world with the help of the product you are about to talk about.

Make you think. Ask the audience a few questions, ask them to answer them, and write these questions on the board. Then start answering the questions yourself. Throughout your speech, compare your performance several times with the opinions of people in the audience.

Calm your hand shaking by squeezing your thumb and index finger on both hands tightly, alternately.

If your performance anxiety reaches the point of panic, try grabbing your nose twenty-five times, alternating between your right and left hands. The effect is guaranteed for the next 25-30 minutes. Of course, do this for .

Many of us are afraid to speak publicly - we believe that it is better to stand on the sidelines, to be in the background, but not in the spotlight.

But some periods of the professional career of many employees are accompanied by the fact that he must speak publicly, be it a presentation of a new product, or his views and ideas, a recommendation for someone, etc. Such situations require the speaker not to be afraid of public speaking.

Don't worry, you just need to get a little ready and soon you won't be able to go out with a presentation. How well you perform may determine your career.

Video on the topic

Very often, disastrous performances are the result of poor preparation, rather than innate fear of an audience. So whether you have to give a presentation at a conference or give a speech at a friend's wedding, stop worrying and get down to business.

You will need

• paper and pen (or computer), sources of information, video camera

Instructions

Answer yourself the question: “What do I want to convey to my listeners?” If you don't set any goals for yourself, the performance will definitely fail. Options could be:
make it clear to the commission that you are an excellent person who has prepared a good project, you need to give the highest mark;
inform the guests that the groom is a faithful friend who will never let you down;
tell about the brilliant prospects of your business so that you will be given the opportunity to implement it.

Analyze your potential audience. How to communicate with them and what to talk about? Factory workers will be attracted by one and the other, and large businessmen by the other. U have their own interests, and housewives have their own. It is also necessary to take into account the specifics of the event. There are different atmospheres at a birthday party and at a student seminar. Keep in mind that in any audience there may be someone more competent than you, so do not abuse facts and put yourself above others.

Gather materials for your presentation. The topic should be covered from at least two points of view. Then your speech will become more voluminous and interesting. But don't forget about the goal you are pursuing. Use at least 3-4 sources of information. And be sure to analyze all the data. Otherwise, there will be a list of facts unsupported by personal understanding.

Create a speech plan and write it down. It should consist of 3 parts. In the introduction, you should interest the audience and tell them what you will talk about. The main part should lead listeners to the solution you need. Facts, statistical data, and excerpts from the media (if any) must appear here. In you provide a summary, make recommendations and again push the listeners to a decision.

Practice your performance. Your task is to find out how much you master the topic, whether you are capable of improvisation, whether there are contradictions in the speech, whether there are any difficulties with timing (everything is told too briefly or too long). Film yourself. When you look at the performance from the outside, you will discover many unexpected things.

Helpful advice

In your speech, facts and figures must be interspersed with vivid examples, anecdotes or stories from personal experience (or the experience of friends). This way, you give the audience the opportunity to relax and at the same time make the performance memorable. There should be no rush in selecting stories. Each example must be chosen very carefully.

Related article

You're about to perform in front of a large audience, and the last time you stood on stage was at a school matinee? Study the topic in advance, try to capture the attention of the audience and prevent the audience from getting bored.

Instructions

Be confident, square your shoulders, straighten your back. Greet the audience. If you have to sight-score, be sure to watch your posture. Don't lower your head, even if you look at the cheat sheet. When the speaker's head is bowed over the table, the speech sounds quieter. And if the audience has to strain their ears, they will quickly get tired and lose interest in the performance. Nearsighted speakers should wear glasses or contacts to make themselves more confident.

Visually divide the room into three parts. Throughout your speech, look at each part for a few seconds. The fact is that continuous reading without eye contact with the listeners turns into a monotonous set of words that are difficult to dissect by ear, much less analyze. Take breaks, change your intonation.

If you have a long planned (, etc.), remember that any audience best perceives a monologue lasting no more than 20 minutes. Therefore, focus the audience's attention on the main aspects of the report at the beginning of the speech. Your task is to interest the audience. To do this, ask your listeners questions, preferably alternative ones, for which you can choose from two options, or closed ones, requiring a “yes” or “no” answer.

To avoid audience panic, study the topic of the story in advance. The better you know the subject of your speech, the more likely you are to deliver it flawlessly. If it involves subsequent discussion, think through answers to all the obvious questions and questions. Even if none are expected, and you just need to, say, give a solemn speech, be sure to rehearse it in front of a mirror.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Before going on stage or podium, say 3-4 tongue twisters that train the pronunciation of hissing and sonorous consonant sounds.

Human behavior in society, that is, in public, has always depended on many conditions and was regulated by generally accepted rules, ideas about what is permissible and what is not. These rules varied significantly among different peoples, and they also changed over time.

Instructions

Be sure to politely greet everyone you know when meeting, and in some circumstances, for example, at a production site, in a train compartment, even with strangers. At the same time, remember that a familiar tone such as “Hello”, “Salute” is acceptable only when addressing friends or good acquaintances.

If you are invited to visit, try not to be late. If for some good reason (for example, a traffic jam), being late is inevitable, be sure to call, apologize to the owner or hostess and briefly explain why you will be late. When entering a house where you have been invited, you must once again politely apologize to everyone present for being late.

Accordingly, hosts (as well as guests) should not reproach a late guest, even in a joking manner, and even more so, demand a “penalty” drink. This is not the best practice, and is hardly necessary.

Try to communicate politely with everyone without exception, even if the person is unpleasant to you. Do not under any circumstances demonstrate your superiority or disdain for your subordinates, hotel staff, store clerks, etc. You are not humiliating them by this - you are humiliating yourself.

In the case when two people approach the door from both sides at the same time, the rule applies: the one who wants to enter lets the one leaving. Don't forget about him.

If you are going to attend a performance, try to arrive early so that you can calmly, without disturbing anyone, find and take your place in the hall. In the case when your row is already full, before you start squeezing into your seat, you need to apologize to the seated spectators for the disturbance.

When you are on or inside a bus or tram, you should prepare in advance to get off at your stop. Ask the passenger in front of you if he will also get off on it. If the answer is negative, ask him to move and let you pass.

In order for your speech in front of an audience to be successful, you need to learn how to properly build a dialogue with it. Listeners must be involved in your story, otherwise they are unlikely to remember the information you want to convey to them.

Instructions

Speak in simple and understandable language. This is especially important if the topic of your speech is to reveal the company’s plans for the future, its marketing strategy, or analysis of the technical characteristics of a new product. You must be sure that everyone in the audience will understand every word you say.

Avoid using a lot of terms and long sentences when addressing your audience. Try to make your speech so that a fourteen-year-old child can understand it. If your speech is difficult to understand, listeners, at best, will simply stop delving into its meaning, and at worst, they will begin to communicate with each other.

When addressing your audience, fragment information. Try to divide it into blocks that logically flow from each other. It is best to familiarize your audience with the outline of your speech before it begins. This will make the perception of information simpler, and therefore more accessible.

Engage your audience. An appeal to an audience becomes effective when it becomes two-way. If the listener himself is directly involved in the process of the presentation or seminar, he remembers the information more successfully and does not regret wasted time.

Ask questions of your audience. Moreover, their form must be closed, i.e. assume only a “yes” or “no” answer. Based on the fact that the main purpose of addressing an audience is often to convey a message to it, you should ask questions not in order to inquire about the opinion of the listeners, but in order to reinforce your words. Therefore, your message should be structured in such a way that the audience answers affirmatively to all your questions. This will create a more favorable environment and put you in the right mood.

Respect your listeners. Even if someone starts to argue with you, do not be rude or lose your temper, be restrained and competent. Then you will remain a true professional in the eyes of other people.

A friend of mine once said that public speaking was something terrible for her. “My heart sinks into my throat, my mouth goes dry, and the most I can say is uh....” The situation is difficult. And the most interesting thing is that thousands of people face this problem. Scary, but necessary! We so often have to deal with public speaking, even if you are not a director or boss. At school, at university, at work, we often have to say something...

2. Another exercise: constantly look for opportunities to practice. Everywhere. At a meeting, at school, at a conference. Each time you will be less and less afraid. The main thing is to get over yourself and just do it for the first time.

3. Immediately before the performance itself, breathe deeply and slowly: inhale and exhale deeply; make a face for a minute (this will make your facial expressions livelier and lift your spirits); move around (squat, run a couple of meters), this will significantly invigorate you.

4. Walk with confidence. Literally the next second after meeting him, you will understand that he is nothing.

5. Learn to enjoy performing. This will come with experience. But it is when you master this that you will perform truly successfully.

For effective public speaking, you need to master techniques to capture the attention of the audience:

1. Constantly ask the audience questions. This may be a question that doesn't actually require a response from the room. You ask it and immediately answer it yourself, but the audience has already caught on and gives the answer to themselves, too. These can be ordinary questions. “Is this convenient for you? Or should I write more? Is this how it will go?” Ask for something you can easily fix. Those. don’t ask the question: “Are you hungry there yet?..” What will you do if the audience answers “yes”?! Will you run for some buns?

2. Be unpredictable. Make the audience follow your movements, which are constantly changing. Either walk, then freeze, change the trajectory. Make your voice louder and quieter.

3. Engage your audience in action: ask for help. “Young man, wave to me when 17 minutes have passed, okay?”

4. Establish eye contact with the audience and maintain it constantly. Of course, it is impossible to look at everyone. So choose 3 points in such a way that it looks like you are looking at everyone from time to time. Look into the eyes. And under no circumstances look over your heads or at one point!

5. Humor. Don't be afraid to be funny. You made a mistake, laugh at yourself.

Composition of your speech:

1. Introduction (20% of the speech). Greet the audience, introduce yourself, state the topic. So far, not a single word about the case. Tune the room to the emotions you need, warm it up with charm and humor.

2. Main part (60%). Here you can talk about problems. The culmination of the main part is your way of solving the problem. This method is often used in politics. For example: tired of low salaries and high prices? Devastation and corruption? Crime and lawlessness? Vote for our party!

3. Completion (20%). Finally, you need to configure the room in your favor. Summarize on a positive note.

One of the most important components of a successful performance is to become one of the audience.

1. Dress as the situation requires. You should not come to students with a topic about teenage drug addiction, dressed in a formal suit and tie. They won't believe you! Simple jeans and a jumper are another matter for this situation. Dress in a way that brings you closer to your audience.

2. Don't be smart. Speak the audience's language. Of course, you shouldn’t stoop to obscenities, jargon, etc. Speak in a way that the audience will understand. If you come to poorly educated people, you should not present them with information too abstrusely. Say it more simply. Otherwise they will feel stupid. This will only cause negativity.

3. Give compliments. Only right! A compliment should not become flattery. It should be sincere, concise and unambiguous.

4. Smile sincerely. Don't look down on people.

Another important thing: visual effect. A person perceives information 60% by how we speak, not what we say.

1. Use presentations, handouts, booklets, etc.

2. If this is not possible, use visualization verbs. For example, “let's see how we can solve this problem.” Use your gestures to show what you are saying, but don't exaggerate.

3. Gesture, don't be afraid to make big gestures. This gives the impression that you are confident in yourself and in what you say.

4. Show your palms more often - this is a sign of openness.

5. Pose: the center of gravity should be shifted forward (as if you are leaning forward a little), heels 20-25 cm apart, toes apart. Of course, you don’t need to hold this pose all the time. It acts as a starting pose or pose for those moments when you freeze.

6. Move! Static objects attract much less attention than those that move. Move around the entire stage space, changing speed and trajectory.

Remember before you start talking:

1. Look around the entire room with an open and sincere gaze. Make eye contact.

2. Pause for 3-6 seconds, achieve silence and attention, but under no circumstances say “shhh!” and don't wave your arms.

3. Remember, the performance begins as soon as you get up from your seat. Along the way, don’t straighten your hair or clothes, don’t pull anything back, don’t cough nervously, don’t fuss, walk confidently and calmly.

There are a huge variety of speech structures. The most common:

1. Tree - when a person talks about something and suddenly starts inserting some facts, goes back, adds something else... A very complex structure.

2. Rope - when everything goes straight and predictable.

3. But the best structure is the stairs. The speech is divided into small parts, united by one thought, steps. Each step ends with a small conclusion, a pause, a joke or a question whether everything is clear to the audience on this point. With this structure, the possibility of your failure is significantly reduced. If you trip on one step, you won't fall all the way down. You will fail only one step, the rest are fixed.

4. Speak only the main thing, do not try to say everything, have pity on the audience.

Big little things:

1. Don’t stand too close to the audience, don’t get into personal space - don’t scare people.

2. Only positive!

3. Talk about the audience in the first person. “I thank the audience for..” - no! “I am grateful to you for..” - yes!

4. Give direct answers. If necessary, admit that you don’t know something.

5. The last thing is remembered! You shouldn’t end with the words: “hehe.. no questions?.. that’s it.. I’m off...”. Leave in style!

6. While you are on stage, you are in charge!

7. Don't speak on paper. The public won't believe you! If it is very difficult for you to speak without preparation, draw pictograms for yourself - drawings that remind you of exactly the emotions that you wanted to convey to the public.

8. If you are presenting a controversial issue, make the audience a friend: tell them their stereotypes. For example: “Yes, I understand

Helpful advice

Practice! Only practice will help you improve your speaking skills. Don't give up if something doesn't work out right away. I wish you success!

From this article you will learn:

• What are the rules of public speaking?
• What are the rules for preparing a public speech?
• What psychological techniques can be used in public speaking?

Giving a public speech is a stressful situation for anyone. Even the most brilliant speakers who have spent hundreds of hours on stage confirm this. Why is this happening? Any public speech is an expression of one’s own thoughts and ideas. Their successful or unsuccessful expression immediately affects a person’s reputation, his assessment as an expert, specialist. The rules of public speaking are, as a rule, quite universal. You can speak in front of different groups of people - these could be ministers and bankers, students and schoolchildren, journalists, colleagues and even prisoners. But all of them, first of all, will be your listeners, and you need to know a few rules that will help you correctly structure and present information, remain calm and keep the situation under control.

Public speaking: rules of preparation

Any public speech must be thoroughly prepared. The famous psychologist D. Carnegie has a whole book containing recommendations and rules for preparing a public speech. Main idea: “You need to know what you want to say and what your audience wants to hear. Only based on this knowledge can one correctly convey the information and convince one to believe oneself.”

First, let's analyze what types of speeches there are:

• Improvisation. This type of presentation does not require preparation, but requires a very deep knowledge of the material and topic. In this case, the speaker expresses theses on a given topic and answers any questions from the audience easily and reasonably. Only experienced speakers and masters of their craft can do this. Such were Trotsky, Lenin and Mechnikov.
• Speech from notes. Preparation is carried out for each item, which is worked out in advance. Answers to possible questions that may arise during the presentation are also written down.
• Preparation of the full text. Most often you can see such a report from politicians. Sometimes their answers to the questions asked are not entirely consistent because they are not used to deviating from a pre-written text.

How to plan a presentation from start to finish and capture the audience's attention? Find out in the training program "

• Performing without using prompts. The prepared text is learned by heart and spoken out during rehearsals, but in this case the rules of public speaking do not provide for the opportunity to answer additional questions.

A particularly valuable quality of a speaker’s skill is the ability to take into account the mood of the public in his speech and the ability to adapt to various changing circumstances.

Preparing a speech summary

What are the rules of public speaking? Let's start with preparation. Take notes on issues that are relevant to the topic of the speech or the specifics of your topic, industry or profession. D. Carnegie advises: “Write down other people’s and, of course, your own thoughts on scraps of paper - it’s so easy to collect and classify them.”

1. Make a list of facts that are relevant to the topic and that you may need for your report.
2. Decide on the main, interesting, informative facts; feel free to cross out those that are secondary or only indirectly related to the matter.
3. Return to the topic of the report and see what data you may not have enough to fully disclose the topic in the manner in which the materials were selected.

Be sure to support your theses with facts, figures, statistics, and examples. It is better if for each thesis you have several points that support the main idea.

The rules for giving a public speech also recommend that you pay close attention to the language when you compile an outline of your speech. Do not shorten sentences, write full, expanded forms. Do not write down questions, but specific statements that you could use during a public speech.

Working with notes

Of course, all lecturers used prepared materials differently during their presentations. For example, C. Chaplin, who did not feel very comfortable in front of a microphone, always kept the full text of the speech before his eyes and tried not to deviate from it. And the recognized lecturer I. I. Mechnikov prepared with special care for all speeches, but did not take notes. His speech was always a masterful improvisation.

The rules for public speaking by the famous chemist S.N. Reformatsky were as follows: he wrote out the entire text of the lecture, and then read it to his family. As a rule, he took the notes with him to the department, but did not look at them. The famous historian V. O. Klyuchevsky had the ability to tell an interesting story, based on a prepared plan for the speech, and the physiologist I. M. Sechenov whispered it in full before the lecture. The recognized speaker V.I. Lenin prepared small pieces of paper with theses, with the help of which he built a public speech.

Of course, only a few can speak in front of an audience without any anxiety. But if you speak on the same topic several times, your confidence will only grow each time. You will be much more fluent in the material. When preparing, try to talk more, pronounce the text, and not just read. Over time, by applying the rules of public speaking, you will achieve success in this matter. Just remember, even the most experienced speakers always rehearse their speech, so don’t neglect this important step.

Rehearsing a future speech

Feel free to discuss the topic that will be the subject of your speech in an informal setting. Practice in front of friends, family, talk to people who can support you.

But how, when and how much is better to rehearse a future speech? The more often the better! Use every opportunity to do this. If you walk down the street, repeat it to yourself; at home or in the office, you can repeat it with gestures, pronouncing it in a full voice, placing emphasis in important places.

D. Carnegie's rules for public speaking say: arrange a kind of game at home with your family or friends - making speeches. You can choose topics in which you are strong and in three minutes try to convey it to your listeners as clearly and informatively as possible.

Many people have heard the recommendation for working with a mirror, but most often it only distracts novice speakers. Leading psychologists, for example O. Ernst, even write about this method as extremely harmful. First of all, you need to focus on the topic and meaning of the speech you are delivering.

Rules of Public Speaking: Psychology

By the time of your public report, you need to approach it in excellent psychological and physical condition. Don't worry about your fears because at the end of the day it's just a performance. O. Ernst wrote: “Not one of the speakers has ever fainted on the podium, even if his performance was really below any criticism.”

The existing rules for giving a public speech contain several important points:

• Pay close attention not to your experiences, but to the content of your speech.
• You should not tell your listeners absolutely all the prepared material; leave room for questions, if any. And the idea that you know much more than you say in this lecture will significantly increase your self-confidence.
• You shouldn't prepare on the day of your performance; it's better to finish all your preparation the night before.
• Before the performance, you should not start new things or get involved in new activities that are unusual for you. They will take over all your attention and direction of thoughts.
• Try to have a light lunch or breakfast, don’t overeat before an important report.

If you still feel that anxiety does not leave you, the main thing is to understand the cause of your anxiety. Most often this is:

• Lack of practical experience in such performances.
• Features associated with your character: shyness, restraint, excessive anxiety, lack of self-confidence.
• Doubts about the interest of listeners.
• The fact of unsuccessful performance in the past.
• Strong emotions associated with excitement and experiencing a stressful situation.

If your anxiety is mainly related to the reaction of listeners, then there are the following rules of public speaking:

• choose a viewer who is positively disposed towards you and tell the story, looking into his/her eyes, as if you are alone in this room;
• if you feel that contact has been established, you can nod slightly and turn your gaze to your neighbor and look into his eyes;
• try to maintain a friendly and open expression on your face;
• try to smile more often and then you will see how the mood in the room will change.

If your anxiety is related to your own condition, then carefully study these rules of public speaking:

• Practice speaking in front of the public as often as possible, participate in public discussions, conversations, and ask questions.
• During this time, you will find an inner state that gives you confidence and helps you feel successful. This feeling will be different for everyone. Some people need to feel the “joy of flying”, some need to feel as focused as possible, concentrated on their topic, while others need a slight excitement that makes them slightly excited and joyful.
• Think about what emotional response you want to achieve from your listeners, what message you send to the audience.
• Before going on stage, be sure to “warm up.” You can talk to one of the audience or organizers, or just walk around the room.

General rules for giving a public speech:

1. Ideally, you have the opportunity to rehearse the day before in the room where the performance will take place. You can look around the room, rehearse your entrance, give a speech, practice your posture, gestures, voice volume, and some important turning points in your speech.
2. Before going to bed, imagine the entire course of your speech. How the event begins, how the audience gathers, how you go on stage, what you say, where you look. Finish your speech and feel how great you did.
3. A few hours before going on stage, go through the outline of your report in your imagination, fix the key points of the speech in your mind and feel the joy that will overwhelm you after a successful performance.

Rules for successful public speaking: psychotechnics

One of the secrets of communicating with an audience lies in certain psychotechnics. You definitely need to form eye contact and show your interest in her.

When you enter the stage or pulpit, do not rush to immediately begin your speech, pause, look around, look at the audience, smile, if appropriate. By making eye contact with your audience, you greet them and let them know that you are there especially for them. Therefore, it is important to observe it during the performance.

Remember to maintain eye contact, even if you are giving a scientific presentation where frequent reference to your notes is the norm. Subconsciously, a person feels when attention is paid to him: the glance may last only a split second, but it makes it clear that something important and valuable to him is happening. Therefore, try not just to look around the hall, but also to establish eye-to-eye contact with the audience.

When you are engaged in the psychotechnique of establishing contact with the audience, it is very important to understand that the emotional content of your gaze is of greatest importance. What is in it - goodwill towards the audience or indifferent indifference, courage or fear. In our eyes, all our emotions can be read without difficulty, which means that listeners, as a rule, unmistakably see and feel what is happening in your soul.

So, the main rules for giving a public speech are to look around, make eye contact with the audience, and concentrate your attention on the subject of your speech.

Remember, the first words of your talk are the most important; it is at this moment that your listeners will determine whether they will listen to you or continue to have their head in the clouds. There are several techniques that will keep your audience's attention.

• Interesting fact. One of the most effective ways to grab the attention of any audience is to tell a curious fact that is directly related to the topic of the speech: “Did you know that...” or “Have you ever wondered that...”
• Colorful presentation. The presentation helps to structure and regulate the speech. You can outline the main points or feedback rules on the slides. The rules of public speaking suggest that you formulate this aspect this way: “I have fifteen minutes to talk about...”, “During the speech, I would like to address the following questions...”, “If questions arise during the speech, you can ask them by end of the report."
• Questions. If this is possible in your format, then be sure to use this technique to attract attention. Questions force you to involuntarily look for answers, even if they are not spoken out loud, so they will listen to you more attentively.
• Joke, anecdote. It is important to maintain some intrigue and not immediately reveal the connection between the anecdote and the topic of the speech. But the connection must exist. Remember that the joke must be tolerant and appealing to the majority in order to create the right mood.
• Compliment from the audience. Consider a compliment as a sign of respect and recognition from the public. A correctly said compliment will evoke a grateful response from listeners. Try not to overact or exaggerate the weight of the compliment so that it is not perceived as ridicule. It is better if the compliment is short, unambiguous, and reflects reality. It can be expressed not only personally to the audience, but also to address their profession or company.

Techniques for attracting and maintaining audience attention

Skilled speakers use some rules of public speaking to attract and hold the attention of the audience:

• Contrast stimuli. This rule consists of changing the type of signal for obtaining information. Most often, you can change the audio and video signals. The speaker, for example, can take a long pause, slow down or speed up the pace of speech. Also an example of a contrast stimulus can be movement around the scene. At first, the speaker can stand still and begin to move during the report, or vice versa.
• Addressing current issues. For every person at a certain period of life, there are relevant topics that concern him. Typically, in a group of people, large or small, these problems are identical or very similar. Then, by addressing these topics that concern them, you can capture the audience's attention. In this method, the source of attention will be the significance of the information.
• Contacting authoritative sources. The rules of public speaking have long contained advice to turn to authoritative sources. Quotes from great people and deep sayings are often used by many speakers in their speaking techniques. Success depends on several factors: relevance, completeness of the statement, authority of the source.
• Address questions. This type of question is addressed to those present in the hall. And even rhetorical questions increase the audience’s attention.
• Humor. A good joke from a speaker always evokes pleasant emotions in listeners, draws attention to him, arouses sympathy and interest. Humor can often relieve tension and prepare the audience to accept new information. And although humor most often draws attention not to the topic of the speech, but to the speaker himself, it should be used correctly.

Speaking in front of an audience causes unpleasant emotions in people. Not everyone is given this initially. But learning to speak in public is possible. 29 recommendations will help make you a speaker.

1. Understand the topic you will be covering. Poor preparation robs a person of confidence and instills fear.

2. Learn to control your body:

• do not fiddle with buttons with your hands;
• do not shift from foot to foot;
• don't touch your hair.

But you shouldn't stand at attention either, use gestures, but be careful not to overdo it. Rehearse your moves in advance.

3. Speak with your diaphragm. This will allow you to pronounce words loudly and clearly. To learn this, stand up straight and place your right hand on your stomach, exhale, hold your breath as long as you can. Increase the interval over time. In this position, the abdominal muscles relax. Talk in this relaxed state.

5. Practice. In life, speak clearly and not so quickly, highlight important places with pauses.

6. Work on your articulation.

7. Make sure you pronounce difficult words that appear in your report correctly.

8. If you have problems with pronunciation, start repeating the word slowly until you remember how to pronounce it correctly.

10. To give a great speech, make a detailed plan for your speech. Correctly determine the purpose of the speech in order to correctly convey information to the audience.

11. To make your speech better remembered, write it on paper several times.

12. It can be difficult to remember a speech in its entirety. Therefore, break it into small pieces and study each piece separately.

13. Know the audience you will be speaking to. The same speech can produce different impressions on different people.

14. Use humor to grab the audience's attention and lighten the mood.

15. Videotape your performance. Take into account the errors and make the necessary changes. Don't focus on shortcomings; even with speech impediments, a person can become an excellent speaker.

1. Decide on the type of speech. It happens:

• informative (transmission of factual information);
• persuasive (convincing the audience by using emotions, logic, personal experience and experiences, facts);
• entertaining (meeting the needs of those gathered).

Some performances combine several types.

2. The beginning of the speech should be interesting. You can start by communicating the main idea and a few points that you will cover later. The introductory part and conclusion are the most memorable, so give them due attention.

3. Avoid long sentences, complex words, and confusing wording.

4. To make your audience understand you better, use comparisons.

5. Repetition is a good way to remind listeners of an important point.

Performance

1. There are a dozen secrets that will help you calm down.

• Before going out to the audience, clench and unclench your palms several times;
• Breathe slowly and deeply;
• Stand in front of the mirror and repeat to yourself that you will succeed, you are calm and confident.

2. When speaking to the audience, smile. This will make the atmosphere warmer and win over the audience.

3. Try speaking as if you are sharing a story. Everyone likes stories, so they will be interested in listening to you.

4. Try to act casual. Don't read from a piece of paper. Don't be afraid to improvise.

5. Don't speak monotonously. Change your intonation, this will help keep the attention of the audience.

6. Involve those present in the discussion. Ask questions from the audience.

7. Bring water with you. If you start to feel nervous, take a sip of water. A pause will allow you to catch your breath and calm down so you can continue your performance again with renewed vigor.

8. End your speech with an appeal. If your words motivate your listeners to do something, then your goal has been achieved.

9. Do not eat dairy products before a performance. They provoke the formation of mucus in the throat. This makes it difficult to speak. It is also better to avoid garlic, fish and other foods with a strong odor.

The history of the world has already met dozens of specialists in oratory, whose speeches we still remember. The most recent geniuses of this art were Hitler, Khrushchev and other politicians who carried out propaganda performances. More often than not, it is politicians who provide an example of how to correctly turn ordinary speech into something more, an element of history. You should know that writing texts for speeches brings money, because the topic of the speech can be any, including making money.

But it is not always the case. For example, the last “powerful” speech was given by Steve Jobs in 2005, and it was not a presentation of a new product. Through oratory, he encouraged Stanford University students to strive for their dreams and to look for opportunities in life's failures. Using speech techniques, Jobs touched on vital topics, winning over the audience, and the speech went down in history.

For some, this is a hobby, while others study elocution so that the presentation will receive the highest marks and be useful.

“Sometimes life hits you over the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved it. You need to find what you love. And this is as true for work as it is for relationships. Your work will fill most of your life, and the only way to be completely satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great things is to love what you do. If you haven't found your business yet, look for it. Do not stop. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know it when you find it. And like any good relationship, it gets better and better over the years. So search until you find it. Do not stop".

“Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't fall into the trap of dogma that tells you to live in other people's thoughts. Don't let the noise of other people's opinions drown out your inner voice. And most importantly: have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you really want to become. Everything else is secondary."“Stay hungry. Stay reckless."

If you analyze any speech of Steve Jobs, you will notice that it resembles a conversation - it is very understandable, natural and relaxed. Constant pauses, which are an integral part of speech, add emotionality to the text.

Despite the fact that this speech is considered one of the best delivered in modern times, some experts believe that Jobs lacks the correct gestures and body movements and the speech is not the limit of oratory. But we should not forget that for this person this was not an activity, rather it was a hobby and responsibilities as the owner of the company. By the way, the presentation of new technology always looked very exciting.

Where can you find this art?

Yes, almost everywhere, in everyday life we ​​are constantly surrounded by such moments. Sports, friendships or any other part of your life is filled with them. You may not always remember this, but if sport is a part of your life, then where do you look for motivation? That's right, in the words of athletes when they talk in public about their results. Sports, like business or war, require motivation.

What does oratory consist of?

If the topic of eloquence is a hobby for you, then you don’t need to delve too deeply into the intricacies, but you should know the main components of a good speech.

• Preparation. The key to a successful performance directly depends on your preparation for it. The clothes in which the performance will take place require careful selection.

It is important for a girl not to wear a lot of makeup and have a modest appearance. This will position the audience and will not distract attention.

It is important for men to look neat and ironed. Show success and confidence, otherwise the listener may simply not attach due importance to the words.

You need to pay attention to elements depending on your audience. After all, for businessmen, money and the high cost of style will be an important element. For schoolchildren or students, a simpler and more relaxed look is suitable.

• Introduction. You can start with a life story or an unusual phrase that should hook the listener. This technique is called a "hook". The Steve Jobs speech we talked about above had a hook in the form of a joke.

Always use pauses between main parts of speech. This helps you digest what was said and at the same time you can see people's reactions.

The art of oratory is based on the ability to draw images, but only the right images. It has to be something that can be specifically represented, and if it involves numbers, then it needs to be used on slides or translated into something that can be visually measured.

• Main part. Of course, there are no specific rules for the main part, but a couple of tips can be given. Break up your speech in a logical way so that it is clear where you transition into another part of the speech.

Don’t make your speech a monologue, otherwise the listeners will simply get bored and feel like guests. Ask rhetorical or direct questions, draw someone from the audience into a conversation, or call them on stage. Ask to do some task. Speak with energy.

• Conclusion. You can end your speech with a beautiful phrase or take a step back. There is no need to drag out the conclusion and say something else.

You can emphasize the main thing from the speech and begin to lower the tone at the end. Then everyone will understand that the performance is over. The art of concisely and clearly ending a speech requires mandatory practice.

• Personal examples and stories. Now it is difficult to surprise with some facts or insert into the text of the main part something completely new for the target audience.

Therefore, personal stories are on a par with pauses and images in the fundamentals of the art of successful speaking. Let's say if you are a businessman, then it would be good to tell how you made your first money. By telling a story from your life, you bring the viewer closer to you, giving you the opportunity to imagine themselves in your place. And if you write your speech correctly, then you can integrate key points into the story and convey the necessary information to the viewer.

Genre of speech

Oratory is divided into types and a person can delve into any genre. Here are the main directions of this art:

• scientific genre;
• political;
• judicial speech;
• church genre;
• other types of eloquence.

Money as the goal of oratory

Currently, trainings and seminars discussing the topic of how to make money have flooded the Internet. In fact, the Internet contributed to this. It opened up opportunities for earning money, and therefore for learning. After all, before, the main source of independent learning was the book.

An example of millionaires' speeches at universities or online seminars on the Internet - all this relates to business topics where the main goal is to make money. The purpose of these speeches is to motivate the listener, charge them with emotions and the desire to do something. All this is driven by the desire to have a lot of money and be independent. A good way to convert knowledge of oratory into money is to open a school for the practice and study of eloquence.

Judicial speech

Judicial speech as a genre came to us from ancient Greece. Due to population growth, politicians studied oratory, and judicial speech was of great importance at that time. A politician's fate could be decided by his ability to speak in public. In Greece, training in this skill took place and they paid a lot of money for it.

Since in the courts at that time everyone had to defend himself, citizens who had money paid logographers for the text, and judicial speech allowed them to avoid punishment.

A judicial speech, like any other, consisted of an introduction, a main part and a conclusion. The man thus tried to pity the judges and make them believe that his judicial speech was not fictitious.

Judicial practice in ancient times was the property of the people, and many people gathered at the trial, so it was problematic to speak without proper preparation.

Judicial speech as a genre takes place and develops in modern times and can bring money to professionals. All prosecutors and lawyers prepare the text of their speech in advance; this is what distinguishes a good lawyer. To make a judicial speech impress the judge and jury, rhetorical techniques are used.

Example of Lincoln's speech

In 1863, a few months after the bloody battle, Lincoln delivered the famous Gettysbury Address. There is no need to talk about oratory and the attitude towards professional rhetoric; there simply wouldn’t be enough room for techniques. But the text written by Lincoln made tears flow and touched the soul

The public speech lasted only about two minutes, but history will not forget these two minutes. As a result, this speech was carved on a monument at the Lincoln Memorial.

“Eighty-seven years have passed since our fathers founded on this continent a new nation, born of freedom, and dedicated to proving that all men are born equal.”

“We are now undergoing the great test of civil war, which will decide whether this nation, or any nation like it by birth or calling, is able to stand. We came together on the field where the great battle of this war raged. We have come to consecrate a part of this land - the last refuge of those who gave their lives for the life of this nation. And this in itself is quite appropriate and worthy.”

“But still it is not in our power to consecrate this field, to make it sacred, to spiritualize this land. Thanks to the deeds of the brave men, dead and alive, who fought here, this land is already sacred, and it is not in our humble power to add or subtract anything. What we say here will be only briefly noticed and soon forgotten, but what they did here will never be forgotten. Let us, the living, devote ourselves to the unfinished work that these warriors accomplished here. Let us dedicate ourselves here to the great work that lies ahead of us, and become even more determined to give ourselves to the purpose to which those who fell here gave themselves wholly and to the end. Let us solemnly swear that their deaths will not be in vain, that this God-protected nation will have its freedom restored, and that the government of the people, by the will of the people, for the people will not perish from the face of the earth.”

Historians say that Lincoln decided to write the text for his speech himself, taking as a basis the principle of equality from the Declaration of Independence and relying on the great figures of the past. According to eyewitnesses, the performance was so strong that it made the people believe that all the sacrifices were not in vain, and they were not fighting against other states, but were fighting for the freedom of the people and the future of their native state. Just one text allowed people to unite as a family to resist the enemy.

Example of Chaplin's text

Charlie Chaplin's speech test is called in Russian translation “How I fell in love with myself” and has become our history and the main speech of a person. He said it on his seventieth birthday.

True, there are rumors that in fact the example text could have been written by fans from Brazil. There is no clear evidence that this is the work of Charlie Chaplin, nor is there clear evidence of forgery.

Despite this, the speech on the topic of self-love turned out great and deserves attention - an example that can be used for your own purposes.

“As I began to love myself, I realized that sadness and suffering are only warning signs that I am living against my own truth. Today I know that it is called “BEING YOURSELF.”

When I fell in love with myself, I realized how much you can offend someone if you impose on him the fulfillment of my own desires, when the time has not yet come, and the person is not yet ready, and this person is myself. Today I call it “SELF-RESPECT”.

When I fell in love with myself, I stopped wanting a different life, and suddenly I saw that the life that surrounds me now provides me with every opportunity for growth. Today I call it “MATURITY”.

As I began to love myself, I realized that no matter what the circumstances, I am in the right place at the right time, and everything happens at exactly the right moment. I can always be calm. Now I call it “SELF CONFIDENCE.”

As I began to love myself, I stopped stealing my own time and dreaming about big future projects. Today I only do what brings me joy and makes me happy, what I love and what makes my heart smile. I do it the way I want and at my own pace. Today I call it SIMPLICITY.

When I fell in love with myself, I freed myself from everything that harms my health - food, people, things, situations. Everything that brought me down and took me away from my own path. Today I call it “SELF-LOVE.”

When I began to love myself, I stopped always being right. And that’s when I started making fewer and fewer mistakes. Today I realized that this is “HUMILITY”.

When I fell in love with myself, I stopped living in the past and worrying about the future. Today I live only in the present moment and call it “SATISFACTION”.

When I began to love myself, I realized that my mind could interfere with me, that it could even make me sick. But when I was able to connect him to my heart, he immediately became a valuable ally. Today I call this connection “WISDOM OF THE HEART.”

We no longer need to be afraid of disputes, confrontations, problems with ourselves and with other people. Even stars collide, and new worlds are born from their collisions.Today I know that this is “LIFE”.

Churchill's public speech (part)

Churchill was a master at writing speeches. A speech on a military topic in 1940 left no one indifferent and provides an example to follow.

“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We are facing a severe test. We face many long months of struggle and suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I answer: to wage war by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can bestow upon us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, the like of which has never been equaled in the dark and sorrowful record of human crimes.

This is our policy. What is our goal, you ask? I can answer in one word: victory - victory at any cost, victory despite all the horrors; victory, no matter how long and thorny the path to it may be; without victory we will not survive. It is necessary to understand: the British Empire will not be able to survive - everything for which it existed will perish, everything that humanity has defended for centuries, what it has strived for for centuries, and what it will strive for will perish. However, I accept my responsibilities with energy and hope. I am sure that people will not let our cause die.

Now I feel the right to demand help from everyone, and I say: “Let’s go forward together, combining our forces.”

Churchill was able to write this text using the art of eloquence. What made this text historic was its directness and honesty of expression.

A month after the speech, England's ally was defeated and captured by the Germans; he wrote another text on this topic and delivered it. Parts of his speech should be found and read, this is a good example if you want to write a speech or your goal is to give a class presentation.

Sports, friendship, family, hobbies - these are topics on which you can write professional texts and use public speaking. Examples or parts of oratorical texts can be found on the Internet or seen on television. This should be done if you want to write a text that is good for reading and speaking. A book about public speaking will also contribute to learning, reading specialized literature has improved my ability to conduct a dialogue correctly, thanks to which friendships with people have become stronger, and a recent hobby has begun to pay dividends.

Having to give a speech in class, a meeting, or a work presentation can make anyone nervous. Working on the text of your speech will strengthen your self-confidence. With thoughtfulness and attention to detail, you can create a speech that is informative, persuasive, motivating, or entertaining! Give your work the required amount of time and practice speaking.

Steps

How to write a draft

Research the topic well. Working on an informative or persuasive speech requires deep study of the issue! This approach will allow you to write a reliable and convincing text. Look for information and evidence from reliable sources - books, scientific journals, newspaper articles and government websites.

• If you need to write a speech for a lesson, check with your teacher about the number and acceptable types of sources.

1. Review the points in a logical order. Once you are familiar with the topic and context, move straight to the thesis statement. State each statement clearly and provide supporting information, facts, evidence, and statistics to explain each point. You should proceed from the calculation of 1 paragraph per aspect.

   • For example, when talking about testing cosmetics on animals, first say that it is cruel, then explain the inappropriateness and discuss alternatives.

2. Raise new topics and summarize previously covered material. Another way to help listeners understand a talking point is to offer a 1-2 sentence overview before moving on to a new topic and briefly summarize the material in 1-2 sentences after the explanation. Use simple words for your introduction and summary that will help you communicate your ideas clearly.

   • For example, if you want to cover delayed onset muscle soreness (also known as muscle soreness), first briefly explain the concept, then go into more detail and say how it relates to the topic, and end that part of the speech with a brief summary of the main thesis.

3. Use transitions to make things easier to understand. Transitions improve fluency and also help you see connections between points. Transitions are not always noticeable when you read and write texts, but their absence is immediately noticeable. Make sure you use different transitions in your speech. Examples:

   • Further;
   • then;
   • previously;
   • subsequently;
   • at first;
   • Secondly;
   • at present;
   • next week.
4. • For example, if you described the impact of global warming on the population of polar bears, then end the speech with a story about those non-profit organizations that are dedicated to protecting the environment and the polar bear population.
   • If you've shared your motivational story about losing weight, tell us where to start and what helpful resources to use.

   How to make a speech interesting and exciting

   1. Use short and simple words and sentences. Cumbersome words instead of equivalent simple synonyms can scare away listeners. Long and complex sentences can be confusing and lead to confusion. In most cases, simple language should be used. Thus, the only exception will be situations when a thought or idea simply cannot be expressed otherwise.

      Do not replace nouns with pronouns for clarity. Of course, sometimes a pronoun can be used, especially in an attempt to avoid repetition. However, too many pronouns will make it difficult for your audience to follow your argument. If possible, give preference to proper names (names of places or things, names) and do not overuse pronouns. Examples of common pronouns:

   2. Repeat words and phrases several times. Repetition is an effective technique in any speech. While repeating different words over and over can be distracting, repeating a specific word or phrase several times can help shape your argument and keep your audience engaged.

      • For example, if you are giving a speech to a group of sales representatives who want to increase sales of a new product called "Synergy", you can repeat a simple phrase like: "Tell customers about 'Synergy'" or say the word "Synergy" several times throughout the speech to remind listeners about the product.
      • In a motivational speech about how running can help you overcome emotional difficulties, repeat a phrase several times that will emphasize the idea: “Overcome pain through running.”