I think every person has opened a dictionary at least once in their life. Let's find out what they are?
A dictionary is a collection of words with explanations and interpretations. The words that are given in the collection are located in alphabetical order, so it is much easier for those who know the alphabet to use the dictionary.
Many people know that there are many dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, and for schoolchildren. Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be arranged and explained differently.
- If you are interested in what this or that word means and in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. One can guess that since it is named TOTLOVYM, Means, will explain everything about the word you are interested in, including information about the stress in the word, its spelling, and the most typical phrases.
The most famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S. I. Ozhegov.
- If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, please contact spelling dictionary.
The most famous spelling dictionary “Russian literary pronunciation and stress”, ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegova.
- It will help to understand the meaning of a particular phraseological expression phrasebook.
The most famous “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V. P. Zhukov, co-authored with A. V. Zhukov (edited by G. V. Karpyuk).
- An explanation of proverbs and sayings, popular words and figurative expressions will be given dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and popular words.
Famous dictionaries:
1)B. P. Zhukov. "Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings."
2)S. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. “A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and catchwords for children.” 
- Choosing a suitable synonym from a synonymous series will prompt synonym dictionary.
The most famous “Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language” by Z. E. Alexandrova.
- You can learn how to spell words correctly from spelling dictionary.
The most famous “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” by D. N. Ushakov, S. E. Kryuchkov.
Spelling dictionaries, unlike explanatory dictionaries, consider words from the point of view of spelling. Such reference books exist to help schoolchildren, editors and specialists using terminology in areas of professional activity.
Pre-revolutionary spelling dictionaries in Russia
The first attempt to create a reference book of Russian spelling was made by Y.K. Grotto. His work “Russian Spelling,” first published in 1885, was accompanied by an index containing about three thousand words. On its basis, already in the twentieth century, spelling dictionaries were created, the editors and compilers of which were V. Kimental (1900), M. Altabaev (1913), V. Zelinsky (1914) and others.
With the advent of the new government in Russia, not only the political system, but also spelling norms changed. Accordingly, there is a need for reference and educational literature that explains and generalizes the new rules.
The first of the dictionaries of the new regime was the manual “My Dictionary. A quick guide to the new spelling. For students." Its author was V. Flerov. First published in 1918, it went through nine editions. I. Ustinov’s spelling reference book, published in 1921, supplemented with exercises for speech development, as well as a dictionary for secondary school students (1933) edited by D.N., were reprinted many times. Ushakova and S.E. Kryuchkov and other publications for primary and secondary schools.
In addition to publications for schoolchildren, a manual for journalists, editors and proofreaders of book publishing houses, written by Y. Khomutov in 1927, also appeared. It was approximately 100,000 words long. Proofreading reference books by various authors, published in the 1950s-1970s, were also supplied with voluminous spelling dictionaries in the form of appendices.
In 1945, a separate dictionary was published devoted to the rules for using the letter “e”. Its authors, K.I. Bylinsky, M.V. Svetlaev and S.E. Kryuchkov gave more than four and a half thousand examples of words using this letter.
Dictionaries edited by the famous linguist D.E. Rosenthal, which discuss the combined and separate spelling of words, as well as the correct use of uppercase and lowercase letters at the beginning of a word, appeared in the mid-80s of the twentieth century. They are still periodically republished.
Modern spelling dictionaries
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were no global changes in spelling norms, so dictionaries published during the Soviet period are used on an equal basis with newly created ones.
Directory of Russian spelling, authored by N.V. Soloviev, was published in 1997. In 1999, a spelling dictionary appeared under the editorship of V.V. Lopatina. It was prepared in connection with the planned but still unrealized reform of the Russian language. This huge work, containing more than 160,000 lexical units, was created in a hurry, however, according to the author, it is the most complete collection of orthographic material taking into account modern trends.
1999 was also marked by the release of a series of reference books from the AST-Press publishing house, prepared by a group of authors, explaining the combined and separate spelling of words, the use of capital and lowercase letters, and the use of single and double letters “N”.
Anthroponymic dictionaries- dictionaries about people’s proper names, as well as nicknames and pseudonyms.
For reference:
Anthroponymy (from the Greek antropos - person and onyma - name) is a section of onomastics that studies anthroponyms, i.e. proper names of people.
Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics that studies anthroponyms - names of people (taking various forms, for example: Pyotr Nikolaevich Amekhin, Ivan Kalita, Igor Kio, Pele) and their individual components (personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc.) ; their origin, evolution, patterns of their functioning.
Anthroponymy was isolated from onomastics in the 60-70s of the 20th century. Until the 60s of the 20th century, the term “onomastics” was used instead of the term “anthroponymy”. This science studies the information that a name can carry: characteristics of human qualities, a person’s connection with his father, clan, family, information about nationality, occupation, origin from a particular locality, class, caste. Anthroponymy studies the functions of an anthroponym in speech - nomination, identification, differentiation, change of names, which is associated with age, changes in social or marital status, life among people of another nationality, joining secret societies, conversion to another faith, taboo, etc.
Dialect (regional) dictionaries- a type of explanatory dictionary that describes the vocabulary of one or a group of dialects (dialects). Differential dictionaries include specific dialect words and so-called semantic dialectisms, which differ in meaning from general Russian words.
Complete dialect dictionaries contain all the vocabulary of the dialect, and also include words common to the dialect and the literary language.
For reference:
Dialect (from the Greek dialektos - conversation, dialect, adverb) is a variety of a given language used as a means of communication by persons connected by a close territorial, social or professional community.
A dialect is a type of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by the same territory.
A dialect is a complete system of speech communication (oral or signed, but not necessarily written) with its own vocabulary and grammar.
Traditionally, dialects were understood primarily as rural territorial dialects. Recently, many works have appeared on urban dialects; in particular, they include the speech of the black urban population of the United States, whose English is significantly different from other varieties of American English. French linguists, along with the term “dialecte”, use the term “patois”, which also denotes the locally limited speech of certain groups of the population, mainly rural.
Grammar dictionaries- these are dictionaries that contain information about the morphological and syntactic properties of a word. Grammar dictionaries include words arranged in direct or reverse alphabetical order. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word vary depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammatical dictionary.
One of the best grammatical dictionaries is “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language. Word Change" by A. A. Zaliznyak (M., 1977). It contains about 100,000 words, arranged in reverse alphabetical order, for which a unique system of indexes has been developed, assigning words to a specific category, type within it, type of stress, etc.
For reference:
Morphology (from ancient Greek - “form” and “teaching”) is a section of grammar that studies the parts of speech, their categories and forms of words. This is a branch of linguistics, the main object of which is the words of natural languages and their significant parts (morphemes). The tasks of morphology, therefore, include defining a word as a special linguistic object and describing its internal structure.
Syntax (from ancient Greek - “construction, order, composition”) is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of phrases (linguistics) and sentences.
Dictionaries of word combinations- how to choose words correctly to ensure their correspondence to each other in semantic and stylistic terms.
For example:
Denisov P. N., Morkovkin V. V., Novikov L. A. Prospectus for an educational dictionary of combinability of words in the Russian language. M., 1971.
Ideographic, semantic and associative dictionaries. Ideographic dictionaries (they are also called thesauruses) are linguistic dictionaries in which the lexical composition of a language is presented in the form of systematized groups of words that are more or less close in meaning. Ideographic dictionaries represent and explain the semantic content of lexical units, but in solving this problem they go not from a single word, but from a concept to the expression of this concept in words. The main task of such dictionaries is to describe collections of words united by a common concept; this makes it easier for the reader to choose the most appropriate means for adequately expressing thoughts and promotes active language proficiency.
For reference:
Thesaurus (from Greek - treasure), in a general sense - special terminology, more strictly and specifically - a dictionary, collection of information, corpus or code, fully covering concepts, definitions and terms of a special field of knowledge or field of activity, which should contribute to the correct lexical, corporate communication (understanding in communication and interaction of persons related to the same discipline or profession); in modern linguistics, a special type of dictionary that indicates semantic relationships (synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, hyponyms, hyperonyms, etc.) between lexical units. Thesauri are one of the most effective tools for describing individual subject areas.
Unlike an explanatory dictionary, a thesaurus allows you to identify the meaning not only through a definition, but also by correlating a word with other concepts and their groups, due to which it can be used to fill the knowledge bases of artificial intelligence systems.
In the past, the term thesaurus primarily denoted dictionaries that presented the vocabulary of a language with maximum completeness with examples of its use in texts.
Linguistic, cultural and cultural dictionaries- “Linguoculturology (from Latin lingua - language, cultura - culture, logos - teaching) is a scientific discipline of a synthesizing type, studying the relationship and interaction of culture and language in its functioning and reflecting this process as an integral structure of units in the unity of their linguistic and extra-linguistic content . The object of linguoculturology is the study of the relationship and interaction of culture and language in the process of their functioning, and the subject is material and spiritual culture created by man, i.e. everything that makes up the “linguistic picture of the world.” Located in the circle of related sciences: sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, psycholinguistics, regional linguistics, cultural studies.”
For reference:
Culturology (from Latin cultura - cultivation, agriculture, education; from ancient Greek - thought as a cause) is a set of studies of culture as a structural integrity, identifying the patterns of its development. The tasks of cultural studies include understanding the general characteristics of its existence and a systematic analysis of its development. Cultural studies emerged as an independent field in modern times.
Ethnolinguistics (from Greek - people, tribe), linguistic anthropology is a field of linguistics that studies language in its relationship with culture. Central to ethnolinguistics are the following two closely interrelated problems, which can be called “cognitive” (from the Latin cognitio - knowledge) and “communicative” (from the Latin communicatio - communication):
How, by what means and in what form are the cultural (everyday, religious, social, etc.) ideas of the people speaking this language about the world around them and about the place of man in this world reflected in the language?
What forms and means of communication - primarily linguistic communication - are specific to a given ethnic or social group?
Morphemic and word-formation dictionaries. Derivational dictionaries (derivational dictionaries) are dictionaries that show the division of words into their constituent morphemes, the derivational structure of a word, as well as a set of words (word-forming nest) with a given morpheme - root or affix. Words in word-formation dictionaries are given with division into morphemes and with stress.
For reference:
Morpheme (from the Greek morphe - form) is the minimum significant part of a word.
In most concepts, a morpheme is considered an abstract linguistic unit. The specific implementation of a morpheme in a text is called a morph or (more often) a morph.
Moreover, morphs representing the same morpheme may have different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called an allomorph.
Reverse dictionaries. In reverse dictionaries, words are arranged alphabetically not by initial, but by final letters, and are aligned not to the left, but to the right.
For example: coat of arms
Serb
damage
hump
oak
Dictionaries of this type are a valuable tool for studying suffix word formation, features of the phonetic structure and morphological composition of the ends of words, for deciphering texts and creating programs for their machine processing.
Spelling dictionaries. A dictionary that you need to turn to if you don’t know how to spell a particular word. Dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, sectoral (for example, “Spelling Marine Dictionary” M., 1974), reference dictionaries for press workers, school. Let us also remind you that you should check the spelling of words using reputable dictionaries.
For reference:
Spelling is a branch of linguistics that studies the correct spelling of words when writing.
Uniformity of spelling smooths out individual and dialectal differences in pronunciation, which promotes mutual understanding when the opportunity to ask again is limited.
Spelling dictionaries- dictionaries reflecting the rules of literary pronunciation.
For reference:
Orthoepy (Greek orthoepia, from orthos - correct, epos - speech) is a set of literary language norms associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences.
Orthoepy (from ancient Greek - “correct” and Greek - “speech”) is a science (a branch of phonetics) that deals with pronunciation standards, their justification and establishment.
In the history of the Russian literary language, the orthoepic norm had practically prevailed over local pronunciations by the beginning of the 20th century. Thus, the dialectal pronunciation on o has disappeared: “young”, “good” instead of the literary “maladoy”, “kharasho”, etc. Nevertheless, some dialectisms are stable, for example, the firm pronunciation of the sound “ch” in the west and in the east, the pronunciation “fields”, “sea” instead of “field”, “sea” - in the center, etc. But there are especially many cases when it is impossible to say with confidence which of the options for the literary language is “correct”. At the moment, Russian orthoepy has not yet been fully established and continues to develop.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Moscow pronunciation, preserved in old Moscow families, was considered the “correct” Russian pronunciation. However, by that time it became clear that this pronunciation in many ways lags behind life, and later, with the diffusion and migration of ethnic groups in Moscow, it became archaic for her. Therefore, every day new norms in orthoepy are created and old norms disappear and change; this process is influenced by life itself, a living language and a changing culture.
Synonymous dictionaries- Synonymous dictionaries describe words that are different in sound and spelling, but identical or similar in meaning. This definition of synonyms should be considered working, since it does not claim to comprehensively cover the essence of synonymy. Synonyms are defined in different ways. It is important to note that this multiplicity and differences in definitions are most likely explained by the characteristics of the subject of consideration itself, its diversity, the existence of various types of semantic similarities, which, accordingly, is reflected in the unequal approach to the definition of synonyms. It is also clear that this diversity is evidence of rich synonymous means of expression, which is one of the remarkable properties of the Russian language.
For reference:
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling (cf. homonyms), but having a similar lexical meaning (cf. antonyms).
Examples of synonyms in Russian: cavalry - cavalry, bold - brave, go - walk.
They serve to increase the expressiveness of speech and help avoid monotony.
It is necessary to distinguish between synonyms and nominal definitions - the latter represent complete identity.
Antonym dictionaries- linguistic reference dictionaries, which provide a description of antonyms (see below). The main tasks of antonym dictionaries:
- Systematized presentation of lexical units with opposite meanings (including phraseology).
- Analysis of the semantics of antonymic pairs (paradigms).
- Fixation and analysis of characteristic patterns of the use of correlative antonyms, their connection with synonyms.
For reference:
Antonyms (Greek - against + - name) are words of the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “lie”, “good” - “evil”, “speak” - “be silent.”
Antonyms are possible for words whose meanings contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be contrasted. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
Dictionaries of linguistic terms- this is a type of industry dictionary with decoding of the concepts of a particular area. For example, a maritime dictionary of terms is from maritime affairs.
The linguistic dictionary contains articles about units of language, their relationships, language laws, the functioning of language in society, philosophical problems of linguistics, theories of the origin of language, sections, methods and schools in linguistics, languages and groups of languages, and scripts.
A special place among dictionaries of linguistic terms is occupied by the dictionary of O. S. Akhmanova (1966; 7,000 terms). It represents not only a generalization of all previous terminological experience, but also a new type of dictionary that simultaneously combines the interpretation of the term, its translation into four languages, illustrations of the real functioning of the term, and the like. Mapping terms to terms in the following languages: English, French, German and Spanish.
For reference:
Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary (LES) is a one-volume encyclopedic dictionary published in 1990 by the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". It was called upon to “give a systematized body of knowledge about human language, the languages of the world, and linguistics as a science.” The team of authors of the dictionary included more than 300 scientists.
Dictionaries of resident names. When forming the names of residents from the names of settlements, difficulties often arise, which can be resolved with special dictionaries.
Dictionaries of neologisms- describe words, word meanings or combinations of words that appeared in a certain period of time or were used only once (occasionalisms). In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year amounts to tens of thousands.
For reference:
Neologism (ancient Greek neo - new, logis - speech, word) is a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase that recently appeared in the language (newly formed, previously absent). The freshness and unusualness of such a word, phrase or turn of phrase is clearly felt by native speakers of the given language.
This term is used in the history of language to characterize the enrichment of vocabulary in certain historical periods - for example, we can talk about neologisms of the time of Peter the Great, neologisms of individual cultural figures (M.V. Lomonosov, N.M. Karamzin and his school), neologisms of the period of the Patriotic War wars, etc.
Tens of thousands of neologisms appear every year in developed languages. Most of them have a short life, but some are fixed in the language for a long time, entering not only its living everyday fabric, but also becoming an integral part of literature.
Homonym dictionaries- this is a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, words that coincide in their design (sound and/or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.
Dictionaries of paronyms
Paronyms are words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in sound (due to a common root or base), but differ in their meanings.
Paronyms often become a source of speech errors: the similarity of words is often the reason for their confusion (for example: put on - put on).
Dictionaries of epithets, similes and metaphors
For reference:
An epithet (from the Greek epitheon - attached, added) is a figurative artistic definition of an object, concept, phenomenon. A word (or combination of words) performs the syntactic function of a definition or circumstance and is usually used in a figurative meaning.
An epithet is a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love dearly”), a noun (“fun noise”), and a numeral (second life).
An epithet is a word or an entire expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) gain color and richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose.
Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) - a trope or figure of speech, the use of a word denoting a certain class of objects, phenomena, actions or signs to characterize or nominate another, similar class of objects or individual.
Metaphor is a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with another based on their common characteristic. The term belongs to Aristotle and is associated with his understanding of art as an imitation of life. Aristotle's metaphor is essentially almost indistinguishable from hyperbole (exaggeration), from synecdoche, from simple comparison or personification and likening. In all cases there is a transfer of meaning from one word to another.
Comparison is a stylistic device based on the figurative transformation of a grammatically formalized comparison.
Dictionaries of abbreviations
For reference:
An abbreviation (from Latin abbrevio - I shorten) is a noun consisting of truncated words or truncated components of the original compound word. The formation of abbreviations (abbreviation) as a special way of word formation became widespread in European languages in the 20th century. In the Russian language, abbreviations, along with other abbreviations, became especially active after the October Revolution of 1917.
Abbreviations (Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) are divided into compound words and initial abbreviations. A compound word is a word made up of abbreviated initial elements (morphemes) of a phrase. Initial types of compound words or acronyms are words formed by adding the initial letters of words or initial sounds; in turn, they are divided into letter, sound and letter-sound abbreviations
Dictionaries of social dialects: jargons, argot, slang
For reference:
Social dialect is the language of certain social groups. Such a language differs from literary language only in vocabulary. There are professional languages (hunters, shoemakers, fishermen); corporate or group jargon (students, soldiers, etc.); argo is a special language of a limited professional or social group (the language of hunters, fishermen, military men, thieves' argot), which is used to conceal the subject of communication. The vocabulary of social dialects does not have its own grammar, but is based on the system of the literary language.
Argo (from the French argot) is the language of a socially closed group of people, characterized by the specificity of the vocabulary used, the originality of its use, but does not have its own phonetic and grammatical system.
Jargon and argot should not be confused. Jargon usually has a professional attachment, but argot can be used regardless of profession. For example, in modern French, many argot words are used by both young people from poor neighborhoods and managers with higher education.
Dictionaries of the language of writers and individual works The dictionary of the writer's language contains a description of the words used in his writings. In this case, a complete selection of words is made from all literary works, including variant texts, as well as from letters, notes and official papers of the writer.
The most complete theoretically developed explanatory dictionary of the writer is the four-volume “Dictionary of the Pushkin Language” edited by V.V. Vinogradov (M., 1956-1961, 2nd ed. T. 1-2, M., 2000), which was created in Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the program of G. O. Vinokur. The dictionary contains and explains 21,191 words.
Dictionaries-reference books of difficulties of the Russian language
Directories of difficulties continue the tradition of “dictionaries of irregularities” that developed in Russian lexicography back in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Dictionaries of correctness (orthological dictionaries - from orthology, a section of linguistics, the object of which is the theory of correct literary speech; Greek orthos - correct and logos - word, concept, doctrine) - these are dictionaries of a normative-stylistic nature, by genre they relate to dictionaries devoted to problems codification and normalization of literary language. Dictionaries of this type answer the question of how best, how to say more correctly, which option to prefer in a given speech situation. - normative dictionaries that serve the tasks of improving language and speech, strengthening the current norms of the literary language.
Terminology dictionaries- dictionaries containing terminology of one or more special fields of knowledge or activity.
See above - the same example of a marine dictionary of terms or a dictionary of chemical terms.
Dictionaries- dictionaries, where the meaning of a particular word is deciphered. For example, Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary, etc.
Dictionaries are a kind of “representatives” of a language, showing people its richness, diversity and beauty. Without dictionaries, it was problematic to study the languages of other peoples, correctly understand the meanings of words and understand terminologies.
The meaning of dictionaries in our time
Compilers of dictionaries have lived and worked at all times. Without them, competent written speech would hardly ever have occurred. Today, scientists studying ancient languages are faced with a problem such as a lack of vocabulary. Fortunately, this does not threaten our descendants.
Although modern people receive more information in a day than ancient people did in their entire lives, they still need dictionaries, and there are reasons for this. Today it is simply indecent to speak and write illiterately, since ignorant people do not achieve success in their careers, do not become popular and rich. a person and the ability to use it correctly is the key to achieving any desires, since it is speech that helps to attract attention and success.
As a rule, all literate people know how to use dictionaries. Knowing the list of Russian language dictionaries and their authors, you can easily find both the meaning of a word and its synonym.
Types of dictionaries
If the first dictionaries of the Russian language were exclusively explanatory, then as literacy spread in the country, the need for spelling ones arose. Later, with the advent of new professions, books with narrowly focused terms began to be published, for example, dictionaries for sailors, medical, technical and others.
The most popular today are:
- spelling dictionaries;
- sensible;
- directories of synonyms;
- dictionaries of foreign words;
- phraseological;
- reference books on word compatibility.
All of them reveal the word and its concept to a person, and no matter how long the list of Russian language dictionaries is, their authors are those selfless people who devoted their lives to compiling them.
Dictionaries
Learning the meaning of words begins in people from early childhood and continues until death. This suggests that the Russian language is a constantly changing living “organism” in which old cells (words) die off, and new ones appear all the time.
The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was published in 1860 thanks to fifty years of work by the ethnographer and collector Vladimir Dahl. Being the son of a Russified German woman and a Dane, he was fascinated by incomprehensible words, and he first began collecting and studying them at the age of fifteen.
Traveling a lot around the country, Dahl talked with people from different cities and villages, with literate townsfolk and illiterate peasants, recording everything in his diaries. Thanks to this work, Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language saw the light of day, which has no equal to this day. It has been reprinted several times, since many words have already gone out of use and have been replaced by new concepts.
No less famous is Ozhegov’s Dictionary, written on the basis of Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary, edited by Ushakov. Being a Soviet linguist, Ozhegov made his colleague’s work more modern and expanded. If the author's first edition contained just over 50,000 words, then in subsequent editions their number constantly grew. The last edition of his “Dictionary of the Russian Language” was published in 1992 and already contained 70,000 words.
Spelling dictionaries
The task of a spelling dictionary is to show a person how to correctly write a word in various cases or declensions with an example of its use in speech.
Competent written speech in our time is a kind of “calling card” of a person communicating with friends or doing business on the Internet. Features such as SMS, chats and messages on social networks “force” people to write a lot and often.
The spelling dictionary of the Russian language should be a reference book for both every schoolchild and just a literate person. As a rule, works like this are compiled by learned linguists, who was, for example, (1873-1942).
The most famous from school days is “Ushakov’s Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language,” which, like “Dal’s Explanatory Dictionary,” was repeatedly republished and edited by subsequent generations of linguists.
Synonym dictionary
As time shows, the list of Russian language dictionaries and their authors is constantly growing. For example, a reference book such as a phraseological dictionary helps people understand the figures of speech that our distant ancestors used in conversations. Without it, the concepts of many expressions would have been lost long ago.
The dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language was caused by the need of people to diversify their speech. Today, more than ever, there are a lot of clichés in speech patterns; to avoid this, literate people are looking for a replacement for them. This is why, for example, the “Dictionary of Synonyms” edited by Babenko is needed.
Russian language dictionaries today
There are active languages on the planet that have not changed for thousands of years, but, as a rule, most of them undergo reforms from time to time. The Russian language did not escape this “fate” either.
As mentioned above, it is in continuous development, so dictionaries will appear until it stops. This can hardly be expected in the near future, since every year scientific discoveries occur in the world, new words and professions appear that need to be interpreted and written correctly.
Modern linguists constantly monitor changes in vocabulary, so it should not surprise anyone that new dictionaries of the Russian language are published every 5-10 years.
