Dear guys, the main problem when calculating parking lots for a residential building is often the terminology of permanent and temporary parking lots. I believe that there is a great need to understand this issue, since the legal separation by the expert community of permanent and temporary sites according to the temporary classification is logical but not final. According to the definition stated in clause 3.16. SP 113.13330.2012
"Permanent storage of cars and other motor vehicles (motorcycles, scooters, sidecars, mopeds, trailers, etc.) - long-term round-the-clock storage of motor vehicles in parking lots, at parking places assigned to specific car owners."
What specifically determines not the time interval of a car parking space, but its belonging to a specific owner. What does this, in essence, mean? Only that the concept of temporary storage depends on the concept of permanent storage.
According to clause 1.1. parking garage manuals
“In the structure of urban development, parking garages for cars belonging to citizens are placed ... in residential areas (district, intra-quarter, courtyard) ...
... In the areas of the location of objects that actively attract light vehicles, it is advisable to place parking garages for storing cars for several hours or days (temporary storage) "
That is, it turns out that temporary storage and permanent storage are one and the same. According to the prevailing historical justice, it is customary to consider the plots sold to specific car owners to be permanent storage parking lots, and temporary storage parking lots that do not have a specific owner. The mistake is that, according to the design decisions, the owner of the temporary parking lot is determined, namely the organization, institution or residential building (HOA; MUFZ Housing and Communal Services) for which these temporary parking spaces are directly organized. Thus, according to clause 1.1. parking garage benefits:
“… Parking garages located within residential areas, as a rule, are intended for permanent storage of cars. They can be conditionally divided into district, intra-quarter and courtyard. During the construction of new residential areas in the projects of detailed planning and projects of microdistricts, quarters and residential groups, in accordance with the current regulatory requirements, plots for the construction of detached multi-storey parking garages are currently provided. The area of the plots allotted for garage construction should provide for one hundred percent of the residents' need for parking spaces for the design period with the reservation of the territory to ensure the promising level of motorization. Mostly plots for new construction are chosen in municipal and public areas or with difficult terrain. "
The final conclusion can be made that temporary storage parking lots are part of unsold car parking spaces for specific car owners. The number of parking spaces must be 100% in accordance with clause 11.3. SP 42.13330.2011, namely 350 parking spaces per 1000 inhabitants, no more and no less. And this means that the calculation of parking lots for a residential building should be as follows in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011
“In residential areas and adjacent industrial areas, garages and open parking areas should be provided for permanent storage of at least 90% of the estimated number of individual cars with a pedestrian accessibility of no more than 800 m, and in areas of reconstruction or with unfavorable hydrogeological conditions; no more than 1500 m.
Open parking lots for temporary storage of cars should be provided according to table 3.37, based on not less than 70% of the estimated fleet of individual cars, including,%:
Table 3.37
residential areas - 25 ... "
1. Determination of the estimated number of cars (for storing vehicles) - at the level of estimated mobilization of 350 cars per 1000 inhabitants (clause 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011g"): 350-3-4-40 = 303 cars (clause . 11.3 "SP42.13330.2011 g"), of which:
- for storage of a departmental vehicle - 3 vehicles;
- for storing a taxi fleet - 4 cars;
- for storage of trucks - 40 vehicles
3. Determination of the total number of closed and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011): 303 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for an object for 260 inhabitants - 303x260 / 1000 = 78 m / places
3a. Determination of the total number of closed and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building in the pedestrian access zone (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 SP42.13330.2011 "): 303x90% = 273 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for an object for 260 residents in the pedestrian accessibility zone is 273x260 / 1000 = 71 m / places
3b. Determination of the total number of closed and open parking lots for permanent storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building outside the pedestrian accessibility (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011);
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of permanent storage for an object for 260 residents outside the pedestrian accessibility - 78-71 = 7 m / places
4. Determination of the availability of open parking lots for temporary storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building in the pedestrian access zone (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 SP 42.13330.2011 "): 273x25% = 68 m / places;
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of temporary storage for an object for 260 residents in the pedestrian accessibility zone - 68x260 / 1000 = 18 m / places
4a. Determination of the availability of open and closed parking lots for permanent storage without taking into account the parking lots for temporary storage of cars of residents of a multi-storey building in the pedestrian access zone (in m / places in accordance with clause 11.19 of SP 42.13330.2011 "):
Conclusion: the estimated number of m / places of temporary storage for an object for 260 residents in the pedestrian accessibility zone - 71-18 = 53 m / places
Design manual "Parking garages for passenger cars belonging to citizens" published by JSC TSNIIPROMZDANI in 1998;
SP 42.13330.2011 “Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements "updated version of SNiP 2.07.01-89 * introduced in May 2011;
SP 113.13330.2012 "Code of parking rules" updated edition of SNIP 21-02-99 *; introduced in January 2013.
Rules for the organization of temporary parking
Arrangement of parking places for cars. When a motor road passes through a settlement near public centers, administrative and cultural facilities, shops, canteens, places of interest, temporary parking (car parks) should be provided.
Regulatory requirements for the need for parking lots are mainly regulated by SNiP 2.07.01 - 89 “Urban Development. Planning in the buildings of urban and rural settlements "and SNiP 21-02 - 99 *" Car parking ".
Determining the required parking space based on local needs assessments can be done by the following methods:
by the number of inhabitants. The number of parking spaces in the downtown area is taken within 0.5 ... 1% of the total population;
the number of cars in the city. In the business part of the city, there will be one parking lot for every 5 - 8 cars registered in the city;
traffic flows. One parking lot for 7 ... 9% of cars entering the business part of the city annually.
Open parking lots for temporary storage of cars should be provided for at least 70% of the estimated fleet of individual cars, including:
residential areas - 25%;
industrial and communal storage zones (districts) - 25%;
city-wide and specialized centers - 5%;
zones of mass short-term recreation - 15%.
It should be noted that the envisaged norms lag significantly behind the level of motorization in Russia, therefore, in practice, the area of parking lots should be significantly higher.
A diagram showing the main classification features of temporary parking lots is shown in Fig. 1.1.
It should be avoided in built-up areas, the device of parking lanes at the edge of the carriageway, as well as the permission of parking on the side of the road. Car parks can be of a linear type, located parallel to the road outside the carriageway and separated from it by a dividing strip or fences, or in the form of special sites outside the road, as shown in Fig. 1.2.
Arrangement of cars in linear parking lots - longitudinal, on sites - different, depending on the area and the required parking capacity.
Rice. 1.1.
Rice. 1.2.
a - parking lot of the linear type; b - a parking lot;
1 - transitional speed lanes; 2 - service objects;
3 - parking area; 4 - dividing lines
car parking need placement
Car parks should be located outside the carriageway in the immediate vicinity of the visited object at a distance of no more than 100 m. Entrances and exits from car parks should not impede or delay the movement of vehicles on the road.
The required parking area is assigned depending on the type of object to be visited and traffic intensity on the road.
The planning characteristics of parking lots (cell dimensions for parking a car, passage widths, turning radii, areas for maneuvering) are determined by the vehicle arrangement scheme.
Cell sizes are set according to the type of vehicle. For urban conditions, the type of car that is most common among potential users of parking lots is taken as the design type.
In Russia, the calculations are based on the following: for parking lots for personal use - a subcompact type of car of the VAZ family, for service parking lots - a car "Volga". If it is supposed to park trucks and buses, for example, in a suburban part of the city, the calculated type of such vehicles is chosen depending on the composition of the traffic flow.
A single vehicle slot must be able to accommodate the vehicle itself and allow you to walk around it.
For this, the dimensions of the sides of the cell should be 0.5 m larger than the corresponding dimensions of the car (Fig. 1.3), which provides a gap of 1 m between the cars, sufficient for a pedestrian to pass between them.
When a parking lot is located along the road, it becomes difficult to enter and leave the cell.
Rice. 1.3.
L, W - the length and width of the design vehicle, respectively
To facilitate the use of such a parking lot, the cells are combined in two and leave a gap of at least 2 m between them. If buses are likely to be parked, this gap can be increased to 3 m (Fig. 1.4).
For car parking on the carriageway, special lanes must be provided. The width of these lanes is less than for traffic, and, depending on the type of cars stopping on the road, is 2.5 ... 3 m.
On roads in residential areas with low traffic and pedestrian traffic, parking is allowed with a drive onto the sidewalk. In this case, the lateral slope of the sidewalk increases and the height of the side stone decreases to 5 ... 10 cm. The free part of the sidewalk must have a width of at least 1.5 m, sufficient for the arrangement of two lanes for pedestrian traffic (Fig. 1.5).
Rice. 1.4.
1 - parking spaces; 2 - dividing line; 3 - pedestrian crossing
Rice. 1.5.
a - the arrangement of cars along the roads; b - transverse arrangement; c - angle placement; d, e - partial use of the sidewalk; e - placement on the sidewalk.
The dimensions of the planning elements of off-street parking lots depend on the car placement scheme: as the placement angle approaches the straight line, the capacity of the parking lane increases, but at the same time the required passage width between the rows increases.
In case of multi-row installation of cars, the cell size for one car is also the main one (Fig. 1.6).
Rice. 1.6.
a - at a right angle; b - at an acute angle
The choice of the car placement scheme depends on the width of the site where the parking lot is located: as the installation angle decreases, the required parking width decreases; the average area per one machine space increases to 12%.
In order to ensure road safety, it is necessary to prohibit stopping and parking of all types of vehicles on the side of the road. An exception is vehicles that are faulty and damaged as a result of an accident. Stopping of vehicles should be ensured on parking lanes located on the roadside and on special sites arranged along the road outside the roadbed.
Parking lanes must be arranged on roads of categories I - III on the surface of the roadbed along the carriageway in places where cars can stop. Parking lanes should have a hard surface, preferably the same as on the carriageway, and be separated from it by markings or a dividing strip.
The distance between the parking lanes is determined by local conditions. It is desirable that this distance be no more than 5 km.
The length of the parking lanes is determined depending on the possible number of stopping cars at the rate of 10 m for a stopped car and 15 m for a truck. The number of places in the parking lanes must be at least three.
In the absence of information about the needs for stopping vehicles, you can use the recommendations given in table. 2.
When the number of stopping cars is more than 5 - 7, it is advisable to arrange special areas, separated from the carriageway, for stops and parking of cars instead of parking lanes.
Table 2.
Fewest parking lane spaces
The width of the parking lanes must be sufficient to accommodate the calculated truck and is assumed to be at least 3 m.
Bibliography
1. Pugachev I.N. Organization and road safety: a textbook for students. higher. study. institutions / I.N. Pugachev, A.E. Gorev, E.M. Oleschenko. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009. - 272 pages.
Parking lots are a whole complex of structures, structures, fenced areas, floating landing stages. More information about the types of parking lots can be found on this page.
The requirements for them are determined by SP 113.13330.2012 / SNIP 21-02-99 * and depend on the type of parking lot, its volume and location.
Normative base
A complete list of regulatory documents that may be needed in the construction of a parking lot can be found here.
Requirements for engineering networks
All structures of these networks are assembled taking into account the set of rules:
All engineering networks installed in built-in-attached car parks:
- are made autonomous;
- are mounted with elements that will pass through the floors, in metal (pipes).
The wiring is carried out in protective equipment with a fire resistance of at least EI 150. Built-in or attached parking lots (AC) must have a water supply system for extinguishing a fire, designed for a certain number of jets according to SP 10.13130. The same set of rules describes how to install a water fire extinguishing system in unheated nuclear power plants.
Internal water supply can be omitted if:
- Freestanding speaker;
- meets the requirements of clause 5.2.12;
- has separate boxes.
If the parking lot is designed for storing less than 50 cars, it is built into another building, the engineering networks of the parking lot for the vehicle and structures may not be demolished, except for ventilation. When installing the fire-fighting part of the water supply system and pumping equipment, back pressure valves are built in between them.
If you are designing a heated room for storing cars, you need to provide a system that does not allow the room to be cooled to +5 ° C (exclusively) and below. The ventilation system of closed ACs is standardized by GOST 12.1.005 and is equipped with supply and exhaust elements. At the same time, the set of rules 7. 13130 requires both aboveground and underground types to equip a special ventilation system for removing gases from insulated ramps and boxes.
The smoke protection system is described by codes 7 13130 and 60.13330 and includes requirements for:
- air ducts;
- built-in fans;
- proper ventilation shafts;
- smoke collectors, etc.
All valves of this system must comply with GOST R 53301 for the resistance of the gas-smoke mixture. If the speaker is installed in a residential building, its ventilation system is equipped with noise absorbers, taking into account the need to maintain the noise level required in a residential building at night.
Code of Practice 52.13330 defines the requirements for fixtures and the lighting system as a whole. In case of fire, emergency lighting is provided with mandatory illumination of emergency exits and vehicle paths, as well as locations of fire extinguishing means.
The reliability of the PPZ (fire protection) power supply installations is ensured by class I. In the presence of lift systems and mechanization of vehicle movement - these systems are provided according to the II class. All other electrical equipment is allowed to be classified as class III.
To power the PPZ facilities, separate cable lines are used, which are displayed on the shields. In a closed-type AC, a 220V outlet is mounted at the entrance of the I category of power supply for powering the PPZ equipment.
Automation: APS and fire extinguishing
The requirements for these systems are justified by the size and type of parking lots, the type of vehicles stored at such a parking lot. All PPZ devices must be certified. The type of installation for fighting a fire in the "machine" is determined by the technical regulations (Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 123).
ASPT (automated fire extinguishing) is mandatory for:
- one-storey structures of the above-ground type I-III st. fire resistance, with areas of op 7000 squares;
- all underground type AC;
- all above-ground NPPs with 2 floors or more;
- mechanized nuclear power plants of any type;
- parking lots under bridges;
- in built-in and attached structures;
- in any NPPs intended for storage of vehicles carrying fuels and lubricants.
If at the AC with boxes, each box has an exit to the outside, it is possible not to install an automatic fire extinguishing system at each box. Provided that the AU building has no more than 2 floors.
Underground speakers necessarily require the installation of different types of sirens, depending on the number of parking spaces:
- IV-V types for speakers with the number of stored machines from 200 pieces;
- Type III for Аs, designed for 50-200 vehicles;
- Type II, if the parking lot is intended for keeping up to 50 cars.
Before setting up a parking lot, check with your local fire authorities for convenient regional regulations.
Arrangement and equipment of parking lots, their layout should ensure compliance with safety regulations, fire safety, ensure the safety of rolling stock and rational use of working time.
Cars can be stored indoors and outdoors. The storage method is chosen depending on the geographical location of the economy, its capabilities, payroll and the degree of readiness of vehicles for departure, depending on the operating conditions.
When organizing car storage, the following conditions must be observed:
1. Cars, which must be constantly ready for immediate departure, should be stored in heated rooms;
2. buses and cars should be stored indoors;
4. Trucks, depending on climatic conditions, can be stored indoors, under sheds or in open areas;
5. Tank trucks for the transportation of liquid fuel must be parked in open areas under sheds or in isolated rooms with a direct exit to the outside;
6. Gas vehicles and caravans should be stored under sheds or in open areas.
The geometrical dimensions of car parks are determined by the number of storage places, the overall dimensions of the cars and the method of arrangement, the dimensions of the aisles between the vehicles, the distances between cars and building elements and the width of the passage in the parking lot.
The air temperature in heated rooms for storing cars in winter must not be lower than + 5 ° С. For cars that are stored in open areas, it is necessary to provide means to facilitate starting the engine in the cold season, and rooms for heating cars before they enter for maintenance or repair.
Car storage areas are located in dry, unheated places with a flat surface and a slight slope for storm and melt water. They are equipped with drainage ditches and snow retention devices. The platforms are made rectangular and placed so that the direction of the prevailing winds is along the rows of cars. For better protection from snow drifts, trees and shrubs are planted.
For ease of maintenance, the distance from the vehicles stored at the sites to the walls of buildings should be at least 10 m, and to the fire walls of buildings or to the fence of the site - at least 2 m.
According to SNiP 21 - 02 - 99 “Parking lots. Parkings ", a parking lot for cars is a building, structure (part of a building, structure) or a special open area intended only for storage (parking) of cars.
in open ground single-storey parking lots, the car occupies, taking into account safety clearances and driveways, 25 m2 of area. With multi-tiered storage of cars, the reduced area of the site is significantly reduced: for two tiers - 15 m2, for three - 10, for four - 8, for five - 6 m2.
Parking lots are distinguished:
a) by type of placement:
- underground (up to 5 floors) located below ground level (Fig. 3.1);
Rice. 3.1. Types of use of the operated roof of underground and semi-underground garages - parking: a - for landscaping; b - for a sports - playground; c - for an open short-term parking
Ground - representing a fenced area with a hard surface;
Above ground, located above ground level (Fig. 3.2);
Rice. 3.2. Large half-frame garage: a - standard floor plan; b - section
Built-in and attached to buildings and structures (Fig. 3.3).
Rice. 3.3. Parking under a residential building that does not have apartments on the lower floors: 1 - possible development of a parking lot; 2 - open parking lot; 3 - technical floor :; 4 - corridor; 5 - closed heated parking lot
b) by appointment:
for permanent storage;
for temporary storage;
c) by type of car placement:
arena - without enclosing structures; car - places;
boxed;
d) by the way of storing cars:
heated;
unheated;
e) by the method of installing cars in place:
with the participation of drivers - ramp, elevator;
without driver participation - mechanized;
f) by the structural design of the building:
closed - the building has external walls;
open - no walls.
Currently, the following types of parking lots are most in demand:
Overhead open ramps with manege storage;
Overhead covered heated and unheated ramps with arena storage;
Closed heated or unheated ramps with box storage.
Above-ground parking lots can be designed with a maximum height of 9 floors. The height of premises in places of storage and passage of vehicles and on evacuation routes should be at least 2.0 meters from the floor to the bottom of protruding structures.
Table 3.2 Parameters of storage locations
Rice. 3.4. Distance between vehicles and building elements
The volumetric planning structure of parking lots includes:
- car storage places;
Internal driveways;
Ramps and lifts;
- premises for washing posts, maintenance, etc. minor repairs;
- premises for engineering support;
- office premises for service and duty personnel (control and cash points, control room, security);
- sanitary units, as well as elevators for people, and the size of the cabin of one of the passenger elevators must ensure the transportation of disabled people using wheelchairs.
In parking lots, the following methods of storing cars and, accordingly, planning types are used:
a) arena;
b) boxed (Figure 3.5).
Rice. 3.5. Planning types of parking lots
Traditionally, we call a parking lot by the word "parking" or "parking lot". But what is parking? Parking is the name for large engineering structures, both underground and aboveground, often of a multi-level type, which are intended for temporary storage of cars. Thus, "parking" is a modern type of car parks.
What is parking
In scientific terminology, parking (parking) is the process of transferring a technical device, including a car, to a static inoperative state in a specially designated place. In everyday life, the word "parking" refers to temporary parking areas agreed with the authorities. At the same time, the term "parking lot" is often used to refer to large areas specially designated for car storage. And parking, as a rule, is one of the elements of the road network, and has a much smaller area and capacity. Usually, parking refers to simple areas or places where you can leave your car for a while.
Parking is the name for large engineering structures, both underground and aboveground, often of a multi-level type, which are also intended for temporary storage of cars. Thus, the question of what a parking lot is can be answered as follows: “parking” is a modern type of parking lot.
Although in the scientific sense, all three terms - "parking", "parking" and "parking" - are almost synonymous.
Why is the problem of constructing parking lots more and more urgent
The constant trend towards urbanization, the movement of the population to cities, as well as the increase in the number of private cars, are leaving less and less space where you could park your car. While in Western countries the peak of motorization has actually passed, and the popularity of public transport is growing, in our country, driving in your own car is becoming the norm for most residents. This is facilitated by the constant growth of prices for public transport, the policy of the federal authorities and the trend towards individualization of the population, which began after the collapse of the USSR and continues up to the present time.
In many cases, this even leads to a deterioration of the environmental situation, as more trees and other greenery are cut down for parking lots and parking lots. Traffic jams are on the rise and car owners are increasingly stressed.
Centralized parking lots for Western countries are not uncommon for a long time. In our country, they are now also used more and more often. Investments in the construction of parking lots in cities are now very profitable economically (and even ecologically). After all, their presence on several levels and the possibility of being located underground gives a good economy of space.
Parking lot design
Now centralized parking lots are being designed during the construction phase. Especially if these are train stations, airports, large shopping centers, theaters. To calculate the number of car places, SNiP criteria and other parameters are used. When drawing up a parking project, professional specialists are involved.
But in our country, unauthorized parking lots are still common, for example, under the entrances of multi-storey buildings. Where parking lots have not been created, cars are left in the most convenient parking places.
Varieties of parking
According to the duration of the storage of the vehicle and the operating mode of the parking lot, they are divided into the following types:
- Temporary - designed to find the car for a short time. They are often paid.
- Permanent. Used to store vehicles for a long time. They are usually fenced in and guarded.
- Seasonal. They work only during the holiday season, therefore they are typical for recreation areas.
By the nature of the location, the parking lot can be:
- Overground. It can be a playground fenced with a high fence, a covered structure or a parking area with individual spaces.
- Underground. They can be located on one or more underground floors and located under buildings or structures. When creating such a parking, it is mandatory to take into account the special requirements prescribed in the SNiP.
- Parking areas on buildings. Usually they are built on houses with a small number of storeys, since the higher the roof of the building, the more difficult it is to deliver a car there. To raise and lower cars, elevators, escalators and special ramps are used. Usually, such parking lots are used in large shopping centers and offices.
Ground parking is the easiest and most traditional way to organize parking. Usually such an area is fenced and has a gate for cars to pass through. There is a kiosk at the gate to pay for a seat, and the cashier, as a rule, is also the guard of the vehicles that are left. However, in the face of a shortage of territory, now more and more people prefer special parking facilities (that is, parking lots).
Parking lots can be surface, underground or combined. These are often multilevel structures. As a rule, such structures are covered. In addition to the actual parking lot, there may be workshops and other additional facilities.
Parking cost
The advantages of parking are obvious. But what about the parking price? The maintenance of parking lots, as well as their construction, is much more expensive than open parking lots. All this, of course, is reflected in prices for a car seat. The cost of parking in the most modern multi-level car parks can be enormous. And the marketing value of parking lots in monetary terms is very high.
The most prestigious parking lots in Russia
If you do not take foreign countries, the most prestigious parking lots are those in Moscow. For example, there is such a multi-level parking in Sevan. It was built with the support of the People's Garage program. Another multi-storey complex for car parking and with a developed infrastructure is on Letnikovskaya. A number of new parking complexes are under construction - Moscow parking lots.
The most advanced version of parking is considered to be a structure equipped with a special lift for cars to the parking space.
What is taken into account when constructing a parking lot
Modern car parks are rather complex structures, the construction of which requires careful preliminary preparation. Initially, a construction project is being developed. This is a complex and time-consuming process, comparable to the development of projects for the construction of buildings or engineering structures. This takes into account various factors, both technical and legal. Only professionals can do this kind of work.
The set of necessary documents is similar to the one that is collected before the construction of residential buildings. As practice shows, the quick payback of parking complexes makes them an attractive investment.
The project documents indicate the maximum parking capacity, area and expected income level.
Multi-storey car parks are serious capital structures. They have a wide driveway, a façade, and dedicated spaces for cars. The parking lots are equipped with ventilation, video surveillance, a fire safety system, an alarm system, a lighting system and other amenities. All this attracts a greater number of customers and distinguishes parking lots from ordinary parking lots, including paid ones.
When organizing a parking lot, it is imperative to take into account such customer requirements as:
- Round-the-clock security system for cars and people.
- Lighting and flooring quality.
- Availability of entrance and exit passages.
- Sufficient parking space in the parking lot, that is, a sufficient amount of space allocated for the car.
There are additional requirements for such parking lots:
- The presence of a heating system and climate control.
- Ventilation, waterproofing, environmental control device.
- Ensuring the smooth operation of mobile communications.
- Providing a better view, which is achieved by a higher ceiling height, high-quality lighting, a wider entry and exit zones, individual design solutions.
Most often, underground parking has no more than three levels, since more of them are considered economically inexpedient and may be limited by local legislation.
What is the opinion of Russian motorists
Underground parking lots provide more conditions for car owners than parking lots or parking lots, so reviews of parking lots should be better. However, in our country, the parking system is poorly organized, which is reflected in a large number of negative comments from motorists.
Thus, the article provided an answer to the question of what parking is.
