Isaac Massa was born in 1587 in Holland. He took up trading early and soon became successful in this business. In 1601 he first visited the Russian state on trade matters. Here he managed to get close to representatives of the royal court and began to supply goods for the royal family. Stayed in Russia until 1609.
In his homeland, Isaac Massa, on the instructions of the Prince of Orange, Moritz, compiled the essay “Brief News of Muscovy,” in which he focused on the events of the Time of Troubles, starting with the reign of B.F. Godunov and before the reign of Vasily Shuisky. In this work, he provided a lot of information about the life and customs of Russian people at the beginning of the 17th century, and gave characteristics to prominent politicians and statesmen. In 1612, Isaac Massa returned to Russia again and stayed, with short breaks, until 1634. At this time, he was engaged not only in trade affairs, but also carried out some diplomatic assignments from the government of Mikhail Fedorovich. I. Massa died in 1635.
Danish Prince Johann died on October 28, 1602, without regaining consciousness. Contemporaries were never able to determine the cause of his illness. But some suspected that the prince was poisoned by Godunov’s enemies. The doctors who embalmed Johann's body noticed that it "from the chin to the navel and down to the legs was terrible, dark blue-brown in color, and not as strong on the legs as on the rest of the body." A common cold or some kind of infection could not lead to such consequences.
Tsar Boris ordered that the Danish prince be buried with great honor. True, his grave could not be arranged in the Kremlin, since he was a Lutheran. Therefore, it was decided to install his coffin in the church in the German settlement.
Preparations for the funeral took quite a long time, since several coffins were made: spruce, copper and oak. The body was placed in a spruce coffin, then the spruce one was inserted into a copper one, and then into an oak one, covered with black velvet and bound with silver plates.
The funeral procession took place on November 25, 1602. Not only members of the prince’s retinue took part in it, but also all representatives of the highest Russian nobility. Even Tsar Boris came out of the Kremlin gates. Taking off his hat, he bowed to the ground three times to the chariot on which Johann’s coffin stood, and as if said goodbye to him. After this he returned to his palace. According to established etiquette, he should not have participated in the funeral ceremony.
A detailed description of Johann's stay in Russia was compiled by one of his companions, Gyldenstierne A. The Journey of Duke Hans of Schleswig-Holstein to Russia. M., 1911.
The death of Johann undoubtedly dealt a big blow to the ambitious plans of Tsar Boris. Moreover, it ruined his reputation in Western countries. Many European rulers decided that the Danish prince had been poisoned. In this situation, it was very difficult to find a new worthy groom for Ksenia. With representatives of the Russian nobility B.F. Godunov categorically did not want to become related. But this, most likely, was another mistake of his, which led to his reign to collapse.
Having failed in Europe, Tsar Boris decided to try his luck in the Caucasus. In 1603, a representative embassy was sent there. Its head is the nursery M.I. Tatishchev had to find a suitable groom for Ksenia and a bride for Tsarevich Fyodor.
However, the journey of the Russian ambassadors dragged on. Only a year later they managed to persuade the Georgian prince Teimuraz to become Xenia’s groom. But while he was getting ready for Moscow, big changes took place there: Tsar Boris died, his son was overthrown and killed, and Xenia became a captive of False Dmitry I. For Fyodor, no one could be found at all, since the rulers of the Caucasian principalities were poor and at war. with a friend. There was no point in being related to them.
Thus, as fate would have it, the ambitious plans of Tsar Boris did not come true. He failed to become related to the “natural sovereigns” and thereby strengthen his throne.
Gradually, Godunov began to lose both the help and support of many authoritative relatives. First, at the end of 1598, the former uncle of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, Grigory Vasilyevich Godunov, died. For many years he was an exceptionally experienced and skillful royal butler. Every year he filled the royal treasury with a large amount of money - up to 1 million rubles. This made it possible for Tsar Fedor to carry out successful military actions, strengthen borders and carry out construction throughout the country.
Tsar Boris had to replace G.V. Godunov by his brother Stepan Vasilyevich, but he did not have much business experience, and the replacement did not turn out to be equivalent.
In 1602, the tsar lost both the experienced commander and military leader Ivan Vasilyevich. He died from a serious illness, leaving behind his son Ivan Ivanovich. He showed great promise, but was still young and had no military experience. A great loss was the death of another talented commander - boyar B.Yu. Saburov, who began his service in the regiments of Ivan the Terrible. A.P.’s faithful okolnichy died behind him. Kleshnin and S.F. Saburov, then bed guard I.O. Bezobrazov.
But the greatest blow for Boris was the death of the queen-nun’s sister Irina-Alexandra, which happened on September 26, 1603. The widow of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich invariably enjoyed universal respect and love. She was involved in extensive charity work and, during the famine, organized dinners for people in dire need. The inventory of property compiled after her death included a large number of cauldrons, frying pans, bowls, spoons and other utensils, which, of course, she herself did not need. They were used to feed the hungry.
In addition, Godunov managed to quarrel even with his faithful ally and assistant Patriarch Job. He soon forgot what an invaluable service the hierarch rendered to him during his election to the throne. Therefore, I stopped listening to his criticism for patronizing foreigners, for wanting to marry his daughter to a non-Christian, for allowing the construction of a Lutheran church. Moreover, the tsar himself took up arms against the patriarch for his reluctance to help the hungry and refusal to allocate money from the church treasury for the construction of the Holy of Holies temple. He ordered an audit of the patriarchal treasury, since it was being spent for other purposes - on Job’s luxurious robes. The frightened patriarch immediately wrote a letter of repentance and prepared to leave his throne. But Boris did not intend to go that far and persuaded him to stay.
At the beginning of his reign, Tsar Boris tried to “be nice” to literally everyone. He generously distributed ranks, awards, lands. But then he began to think more about his relatives and alienate other members of the nobility. Invariably, only F.I. was at court. Mstislavsky, who has long officially declared that he does not strive for power and is indifferent to ranks. Other prominent representatives of the titled nobility rarely visited Moscow. Prince V.I. Shuisky was always in honorary voivodeship in Novgorod the Great, Prince V.V. Golitsyn is in Smolensk, his relative I.I. Golitsyn - in Kazan. Another relative of theirs, A.I. Golitsyn first ruled in Pskov, then in 1603 he suddenly took monastic vows at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
Only relatives of the tsar and persons especially close to him began to receive boyar ranks. For example, in 1600 Prince A.A. became a boyar. Telyatevsky, who previously only served as a bell, together with other young princes: Yu.N. Trubetskoy, I.S. Kurakin and B.M. Lykov. The sharp rise of Telyatevsky was explained simply - he married the daughter of S.N. Godunov, Boris’s main earpiece. Naturally, the rest of the bells felt left out.
In 1601 M.G. became a boyar. Saltykov, whose entire merit was that he went to meet the groom of Princess Ksenia Gustav. In 1603, S.A. received the boyarhood. Volossky, considered a foreigner. Any of his affairs are generally unknown. In the same year, the royal relative M.M. became a boyar. Godunov.
It can be assumed that only princes V.V. received boyarhood for voivodeship service in 1602. Golitsyn and P.I. Buynosov-Rostovsky. But what their differences were in comparison with other governors is unknown.
To understand how strong the position of Tsar Boris was at the beginning of 1605, one should analyze composition of the Boyar Duma at this time.
The boyars at this time were:
1. Prince F.I. Mstislavsky - received the rank under Ivan the Terrible, on his mother’s side he was related to the disgraced Romanovs, so he was not close to Boris.
2. Prince M.P. Katyrev-Rostovsky - received the rank during Godunov’s crowning of the kingdom and was considered his nominee. But he had a bad character and did not enjoy authority among the nobility.
3. Prince V.I. Shuisky - received boyarhood either at the end of the reign of Ivan IV, or at the beginning of the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, was not close to the Godunovs because of his opposition to Tsarina Irina.
4. Prince D.I. Shuisky - was related to B.F. Godunov through his wife, but occupied an ambivalent position.
5. Prince I.I. Golitsyn was rarely at court, since he was always in the voivodeship in Kazan.
6. Prince V.V. Golitsyn received the boyarhood in 1602, but was rarely at court, because he served as governor of Smolensk.
7. Prince A.I. Golitsyn - in 1603 he was tonsured into the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.
8. Prince A.P. Kurakin, one of the oldest boyars, took a neutral position.
9. Prince P.I. Buynosov received boyarhood in 1602, but was not part of Tsar Boris’s inner circle.
10. S.A. Volossky received the boyarhood in 1603, was considered a foreigner and a promoter of Godunov.
11. Prince V.K. Cherkassky received boyarhood in 1598, but was hardly close to the tsar, since his relative B.K. Cherkassky died in exile.
12. Prince N.R. Trubetskoy - apparently received the boyarhood under Tsar Fedor, was considered a supporter of Godunov, but under him he took a lower position in the Duma than he had before.
13. Prince A.B. Trubetskoy received boyarhood in 1598, but apparently took a neutral position.
14. Prince F.I. Khvorostinin received the boyars a long time ago, apparently, he took a neutral position.
15. Prince A.A. Telyatevsky - received boyarhood in 1600, was the son-in-law of S.N. Godunov.
16. M.G. Saltykov received boyarhood in 1601 and was considered a protege of Tsar Boris.
17. S.V. Godunov is the tsar’s closest relative, butler.
18. S.N. Godunov is a relative of the king and a person close to the throne.
19. M.M. Godunov is a relative of the Tsar.
20. P.F. Basmanov received boyarhood in 1605, but was one of the first to betray the Godunovs.
21. Prince I.M. Vorotynsky was in a semi-disgraced position.
As a result, it turns out that of all the boyars, the support of B.F. No more than seven people could be considered Godunov. Among the okolnichy his support could be: N.V. Godunov, Ya.M. Godunov, S.S. Godunov, I.I. Godunov and M.B. Shein. But the remaining six people would hardly have fought for him. This is: M.M. Saltykov-Krivoi, V.P. Morozov, P.N. Sheremetev, who were related to the Romanovs, took a neutral position V.P. Turenin and I.D. Khvorostinin and the disgraced B.Ya. Belsky.
All this suggests that more than half of the members of the Boyar Duma were hostile or indifferent to the ruling sovereign. In the context of his struggle with his rival False Dmitry, this was very dangerous.
In general, it was difficult for representatives of the nobility to advance under B.F. Godunov, since he did not wage wars and did not notice peaceful affairs. Over time, the king became stingy with rewards and generous with disgraces. Siberia became the place of a kind of exile under him. But officially this was called appointment to the voivodeship. So, in 1601 the following served in Tobolsk: F.I. Sheremetev, through his sister, the wife of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, who was related to the royal house; Prince V.M. Mosalsky, from Chernigov Rurikovich; and E.M. Pushkin, a descendant of the famous associate of Alexander Nevsky Gavrila Aleksich, belonging to the oldest boyar family. After some time, Mosalsky and Pushkin were assigned even further - to Mangazeya.
Prince A.D. was in Tyumen at that time. Priimkov-Rostovsky and F.S. Pushkin, in Surgut - Prince Ya.P. Baryatinsky, in Berezovo - his relative Prince I.M. Baryatinsky, in Tara - Prince A.I. Bakhteyarov-Rostovsky, in Pelym - Prince V.G. Dolgoruky and G.G. Pushkin, in Verkhoturye - Prince M.D. Lykov, in Yaransk - Prince A.A. Repnin, then he was replaced by Prince V.D. Shestunov. By sending hereditary Rurik princes to serve in small fortified cities almost to the ends of the earth at that time, Godunov undoubtedly wanted to humiliate them and, as it were, bring down the ancestral arrogance that he himself could only dream of. But he did not understand that all these people were only accumulating hatred towards him in their hearts and, at the right opportunity, would take revenge for the humiliation.
Another place of exile under Tsar Boris was the Volga region. Numerous Nagi continued to be there, but not in prisons, but in the voivodeship service. M.A. served in Ufa. Naked, in Arsk – A.A. Naked, in Alator – I.S. Nagoy, in Sanchursk - M.F. Naked. Next to them were the Golovins, expelled from Moscow by Tsar Fedor: in Urzhum - V.P. Golovin, in Kokshaysk - B. P. Golovin.
It is quite obvious that by the end of the reign of B.F. Godunov was able to accumulate many enemies among the Russian nobility. In Siberia and the Volga region, entire regions appeared where his opponents were located. Surely some of them were making plans to overthrow the hated artistic upstart. Therefore, it is likely that the adventure with the resurrection of “Tsarevich Dmitry” was conceived with their participation.
The author of “History in Memory of Beings” wrote: “And for the sake of all such deeds, do them, Boris is hated by the whole world, but thaw out all his vilification for the sake of the blood of the innocent and the plunder of estates and newly introduced affairs.” In addition, this writer wisely noted that the tsar’s attempts to exterminate possible opponents within the country turned out to be meaningless: “Do not allow it, for you must contain all the word, none of those, whom Tsar Boris was wary of, will not rise up against him either from the nobles, their own generations destroy, not from the kings of the country, but whom God allows, a legend is worthy of laughter, but mourning is a great deed.” (The Legend of Abraham Palitsyn. pp. 258, 260.)
Thus, we can conclude that all attempts by Tsar Boris to strengthen his throne ended in failure. Fate seemed to be specially punishing him either for some crime, or for mistakes in governing the country, or for character traits unworthy of a sovereign. It is quite obvious that he should not have risen before the Russian nobility, who agreed with his accession, despite the lack of legal rights to the crown. He had to look for support in those people who elected him to the throne.
The king had to suppress his tendency to excessive vanity, pomp and self-praise. It was impossible to deal with Tsar Fedor’s closest relatives, the Romanov boyars, but it was necessary to intermix with them and turn them into loyal allies. Encouraging denunciations, suspiciousness and suspicion, love for foreigners and everything foreign undermined the reputation of the elected sovereign in the eyes of the public. Many realized that Boris was not worthy of the throne and should be exchanged for any other contender, even with dubious rights to power.
History of the Moscow Troubles
The Massa manuscript is kept in The Hague. The Dutch text was published in the publication of the Archaeographic Commission (“Tales of Foreign Writers about Russia”, vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1868). The first Russian translation appeared in 1874. In 1937 it was revised and provided with commentaries.
Portraits of Massa by Frans Hals
Franz Hals painted several portraits of Mass, of which the most famous are the double portrait of Mass with his wife (1622) and the single portrait (1626).
Essays
- Isaac Massa.(Russian) . Eastern Literature. Retrieved March 12, 2010. .
Write a review of the article "Massa, Isaac"
Notes
Literature
- Tales of foreign writers about Russia, published by the Archaeographic Commission. Volume 2
- Massa I./ Isaac Massa; Translation, notes and introductory article by A. A. Morozov; translation of poems by V. A. Sorgenfrey. - M.: OGIZ - State. socio-economic publishing house, 1937. - 208, p. - (Foreign travelers about Russia). - 10,000 copies.(in translation)
- Grigoriev S. V. Biographical Dictionary. Natural science and technology in Karelia. - Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1973. - P. 154-155. - 269 p. - 1000 copies.
- / Comp. M. P. Alekseev; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - Novosibirsk: Science, 2006. - 504 p.
Links
- Keuning, Johannes (1953). "". Imago Mundi(Routledge) 10 : 65–79. DOI:. Retrieved 11-01-2010.
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Passage characterizing Massa, Isaac
Having chosen, as he assumed, his “victim,” Remy went straight to me and I realized that, to my great regret, the conflict could not be avoided. He, as usual, began to “get me” and then suddenly I just burst out... Maybe this happened because I had been subconsciously waiting for this for a long time? Or maybe you’re just tired of putting up with someone’s impudent behavior all the time, leaving it unanswered? One way or another, the next second, having received a strong blow to the chest, he flew from his desk straight to the blackboard and, having flown about three meters in the air, plopped down on the floor with a squealing bag...I never knew how I got that shot. The fact is that I didn’t touch Remi at all - it was a purely energy blow, but I still can’t explain how I dealt it. There was an indescribable chaos in the classroom - someone squeaked in fear... someone shouted that they needed to call an ambulance... and someone ran after the teacher, because no matter what he was, it was her “crippled” son . And I, completely stunned by what I had done, stood in a stupor and still could not understand how, in the end, all this happened...
Remy moaned on the floor, pretending to be an almost dying victim, which plunged me into real horror. I had no idea how hard the blow was, so I couldn’t even approximately know whether he was playing to get revenge on me, or whether he really felt that bad. Someone called an ambulance, the teacher-mother came, and I was still standing like a pillar, unable to speak, the emotional shock was so strong.
- Why did you do this? – asked the teacher.
I looked into her eyes and could not utter a word. Not because she didn’t know what to say, but simply because she still couldn’t get over the terrible shock that she herself received from what she had done. I still can’t say what the teacher saw in my eyes then. But that violent indignation that everyone was expecting did not happen, or more precisely, nothing happened at all... She, somehow, managed to gather all her indignation “into a fist” and, as if nothing had happened, calmly ordered everyone sit down and start the lesson. As simply as if nothing had happened at all, although it was her son who was the victim!
I couldn’t understand it (like no one could understand) and I couldn’t calm down because I felt very guilty. It would have been much easier if she had yelled at me or simply kicked me out of class. I understood perfectly well that she must have been very offended by what had happened and unpleasant that it was I who did it, since before that she had always treated me very well, but now she had to do something hastily (and preferably “flawlessly”!) decide in relation to me. And I also knew that she was very worried about her son, because we still did not have any news about him.
I didn't remember how I went through this lesson. Time passed surprisingly slowly and it seemed as if there would never be an end. Having somehow waited for the call, I immediately went up to the teacher and said that I was very, very sorry about what happened, but that I honestly and absolutely did not understand how this could happen. I don’t know if she knew something about my strange abilities or just saw something in my eyes, but somehow she realized that no one could punish me more than I punished myself...
“Get ready for the next lesson, everything will be fine,” was all the teacher said.
I will never forget that terribly painful hour of waiting while we were waiting for news from the hospital... It was very scary and lonely and it was forever imprinted as a nightmare memory in my brain. I was guilty of an “attempt” on someone’s life!!! And it didn’t matter whether it happened by accident or intentionally. This was Human Life and, due to my carelessness, it could end unexpectedly... And, of course, I had no right to this.
But, as it turned out, to my great relief, nothing terrible except a good scare happened to our “terrorist classmate.” He got away with just a small bump and the very next day he was sitting at his desk again, only this time he behaved surprisingly quietly and, to everyone’s satisfaction, there were no “vindictive” actions on his part towards me. The world seemed beautiful again!!! I could breathe freely, no longer feeling that terrible guilt that had just hung on me, which would have completely poisoned my entire existence for many years if a different answer had come from the hospital.
Of course, there remained a bitter feeling of self-reproach and deep regret for what I had done, but there was no longer that terrible, genuine feeling of fear that held my entire being in a cold grip until we received positive news. It seemed that everything was fine again... Only, unfortunately, this unfortunate incident left such a deep mark on my soul that I no longer wanted to hear about anything “unusual” even from afar. I shied away from the slightest manifestation of any “unusualities” in me, and as soon as I felt that something “strange” was suddenly beginning to appear, I immediately tried to extinguish it, not giving any opportunity to again draw myself into the whirlpool of any dangerous surprises.
Isaac Massa. Portrait by Frans Hals. 1635
Reproduction from the site http://www.siberianway.ru/
Isaac Massa (c.1587-1635) - Dutch merchant. Was in the Moscow state in 1601-1609 . Returning to the Netherlands, he compiled his description of historical events in Muscovy starting from the time Ivan the Terrible . Having attached a drawing of Moscow to his essay, Massa submitted it to the stadtholder Prince Moritz of Orange in the hope that his zeal would not be ignored. However, it is unknown how the book was received. In 1612, Massa again went to Moscow and since then has not stopped diplomatic and trade activities there. The Estates General repeatedly instructed him to negotiate free trade with Moscow.
Massa's information is based both on his own observations and on rumors and communications with many informed people. Although some of his news is clearly erroneous, he sometimes provides fairly accurate information about events that were attended by a obviously narrow circle of people (for example, receptions of Duke John, Hansa ambassadors), and this news is confirmed by reports and reports of embassies.
The Massa manuscript is kept in The Hague. The Dutch text was published in the publication of the Archaeographic Commission ("Tales of Foreign Writers about Russia", vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1868). The first Russian translation appeared in 1874. In 1937 it was revised and provided with commentaries.
Massa, Isaac (1587-1635) - Dutch merchant and resident in Russia 1614-1634. Lived in Moscow in 1601-1609, 1612-1634. He studied the Russian language and collected a lot of materials on the history of Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries and the geography of its eastern regions. Around 1611, he wrote an essay about events in Russia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, which is a valuable source on the history of the Bolotnikov uprising and other events of 1601-1609. Massa's articles on the history of the conquest and geography of Siberia were among the first works about Siberia in Western European literature. Massa published a number of maps of Russia and its individual regions.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 9. MALTA - NAKHIMOV. 1966.
Read further:
Essays:
Brief news about Muscovy in the beginning. XVII century, M., 1937.
Literature:
Kordt V. A., Essay on relations Moscow. state with the Republic of United. The Netherlands before 1631, RIO, vol. 116, St. Petersburg, 1902;
Alekseev M.P., Siberia in the news of Western Europe. travelers and writers, 2nd ed., Irkutsk, 1941.
MASS ISAAC - Dutch merchant, diplomat, author of co-authors about Russia.
The son of a non-go-go merchant of cloth. In 1601, he was sent to Moscow to study with the Dutch merchant do-ro-gi-mi tissue-nya-mi. I wish I had mastered the Russian language. Around 1607-1608, apparently, he became a self-standing trader, once-bo-ga-tel. In 1608-1609 he lived in Vo-lo-gade, then returned to his birthplace. Trade in the Russian state resumed in 1613 (the confirmation of its presence in Ar-khan-gel-sk with na-vi-ga- tions of 1612 were mistaken), in 1619, during a great heat in Ar-khan-gel-sk, all his goods burned, Mass on time left for ro-di-nu.
At the same time with the pre-pri-n-ma-tel-activities of the Massa since 1614, according to its rule -va represented the trade in- ter-s of the Dutch merchants. In 1615, he also co-pro-vo-gave Russian words in the Netherlands and on a trip to the French king Ludo-vi-ku of the 13th century Bordeaux. In 1615 and 1616-1617, we discussed with the Russians the possibility of obtaining Ni-der-lan-da-mi de-tender and military assistance to the Russian state to fight the Republic of Poland (in 1618, Mass together with the Russian ambassador I.I. Bak-lanovsky do- fought from the right to Russia to compare but not a large party of weapons), as well as the question of permission for the Dutch merchants carried out free transit trade with Persia through the territory of the Russian state. For work on the na-la-zhi-va-niy of the Russian-Nor-Derlandic de-no-she-nies in 1616 at the-gra-zh-den of the General-ny-mi states I don’t-der-land-dove the gold-of-that honey (soon-re-da-ril it to the dea-ku Po-sol-sko-go-ka-za S. Ro-man-chu- to-woo, with someone, ver-ro-yat-but, they talked to me about in-form-ma-tsi-ey). Ot-vo-zil-sla-nie of the king Mi-hai-la Fyo-do-ro-vi-cha Ge-ne-ral-nym states and state-gal-te-ru and their official ot- ancient grams of the Tsar-ryu (1617-1618). In 1624, he received permission for Dutch merchants to carry out one purchase in Russia and, at the same time, ure-zan - in comparison with the ancestral grain supply, several times higher than in Western Europe.
Several tens of tens of letters were saved, for pi-juice, pro-ek-tov, letters from Mass, directed in the 1610-1630s the authorities of the Netherlands, the Russian state and Sweden (partially published in the journal "Bulletin of Europe", 1868, No. 1, 8). He transferred and distributed at the royal court, among Russian and Persian merchants, “flying leaves” (flying leaves) about the military successes of Prince Oran Mo-ri-ts Nas-sau-skogo in the war between the Netherlands and Is-pa-ni-ey for not -for-vis-si-most (in his opinion, Massa was an ardent an-ti-pa-pi-st). Supplied with the devil's salt with the information, with the help of foreign merchants and foreign merchants , from letters from abroad, etc. Perhaps, he supplied secret information to the Swedish government ( in 1625 he received hereditary nobility and a coat of arms from King Gus-ta-va II Adolf). Re-gu-lyar-no pi-sal tsa-ryu Mi-hai-lu Fyo-do-ro-vi-chu about European affairs. Letter from Massa with-der-zha-li, in part-st-no-sti, a sharp cry-ti-ku to the address of merchants-kon-ku-ren-tov and representatives -te-ley of the state power of the Netherlands, in 1628, the enemies of the Mass, with the help of the ku-p-len-nyh Moscow clerks, made copies of the pi -sem 1626 and presented them to the General Staff; they were recognized as “harmful for the state,” and the Mass forbidden any activity on behalf of the state su-dar-st-va. He visited Moscow again in 1629, with the help of the Swedish-sent A. Mo-nie-ra, and also in 1634 (for a report on this trip, submitted to the State Council of Sweden, he was given the opportunity to visit the place and -a significant annual sting).
In 1612, Mass, in the collection of the Dutch geo-grapher G. Gerrit-sa, published two articles about routes to Siberia and its destinations. dah with the same maps of the Russian Se-ve-ra. Compiled maps of Russia and separately its northern, southern and northwestern parts, a plan of Moscow in 2 views. The author of one of the best descriptions of the Time of Troubles - “A brief information about the beginning and about the history of modern wars and unrest in Moscow..." [first published by M. A. Obo-lensky and A. van der Lin- de in Belgium in 1866 in Dutch and French; in Russia - first in Dutch (1868), in Russian - “Stories of Massa and Herk-man about the Time of Troubles -not in Russia" (1874), in the new translation by A. A. Mo-ro-zo-va - "Brief news about Moscow in the beginning of the 17th century" (1937), re-read in the book "On the beginning of wars and unrest in Moscow" (1997); from-da-va-elk also in Ka-na-da (1982)].
additional literature:
Kordt V. A. Ma-te-ria-ly on the history of Russian car-tography. K., 1899. Ser. 1. Issue. 1; K., 1906. Ser. 2. Issue. 1;
aka. Essay on the relations between the Moscow State and the Republic of the United Netherlands until 1631. // Sat. Russian is-society. St. Petersburg, 1902. T. 116;
Pir-ling P. From the Time of Troubles. St. Petersburg, 1902;
Smir-nov I. I. About the plan of Moscow I. Masses // Smir-nov I. I. Re-establishment of the Bo-lot-ni-ko-va. 1606-1607. . M., 1951.
